Periodic breathing in dogs

Cherniack, Neil S.; Longobardo, Guy S.; Levine, O. Robert; Mellins, R. G.; Fishman, Alfred P.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1966.21.6.1847

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The latter can initiate an "overshoot/undershoot" situation: the apnea results from a central depression in inspiratory motor drive, which is mainly due to hypocapnia. This concept has been described in adult dogs to explain periodic breathing (8) and extended to the newborn lamb (9), but physiologic mechanisms of periodic breathing and apnea are not clear (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ventilatory Response to a Hyperoxic Test Is Related to the Frequency of Short Apneic Episodes in Late Preterm Neonates

et al. 2007

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ABSTRACT:Chemoreception is frequently involved in the processes underlying apnea in premature infants. Apnea could result from a decrease in carotid body effectiveness. However, increased carotid body activity could also initiate apnea through hypocapnia following hyperventilation when the receptors are stimulated. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between carotid body effectiveness and short apneic episodes in older preterm neonates. Carotid body effectiveness was assessed at thermoneutrality in 36 premature neonates (2.07 Ϯ 0.26 kg) by performing a 30-s hyperoxic test during sleep, the oxygen inhalation involving a ventilation decrease. Blood O 2 saturation (Sp O2 ) and ventilatory parameters were monitored before and during the hyperoxic test. Short episodes of apnea (frequency and mean duration) were recorded during the morning's 3-h interfeeding interval. Pretest Sp O2 was not related to any of the measured respiratory parameters. A higher frequency of short apneic episodes was linked to a greater ventilation decrease in response to the hyperoxic test ( ϭ Ϫ0.32; p ϭ 0.01). Increased carotid body response is correlated with greater apneic episodes frequency, even in the absence of concomitant oxygen desaturation. Fetal or early postnatal hypoxemia could have increased peripheral chemoreceptor activity, which could initiate a "overshoot/ undershoot" situation, which in turn could induce a critical P O2 /P CO2 combination and apnea. (Pediatr Res 62: 591-596, 2007) S hort apneic episodes [defined as a respiratory pause of at least 3 s (1,2)] are common respiratory events in premature neonates, with an incidence of 25% in infants weighing Ͻ2500 g at birth and 84% in those weighing Ͻ1000 g (3).After birth, apnea frequency decreases progressively once chemoreception control is sufficiently developed to initiate the appropriate ventilatory responses to changes in arterial blood gas status (3-6). Chemoreception control is carried out by central and peripheral chemoreceptors that differ in their anatomical location and type of stimulation: peripheral chemoreceptors (mainly carotid bodies) are sensitive to variations in the levels of O 2 and (to a lesser extent) CO 2 , whereas central chemoreceptors are especially sensitive to variations in CO 2 and pH.It is accepted that abnormal functioning of the peripheral chemoreceptors can promote apnea even though the mechanism underlying this altered chemoreceptor activity is still subject to much debate. Provision of oxygen to infants suffering from bronchopulmonary dysplasia delays the peripheral chemoreceptor response and might induce more apnea (7). In preterm neonates, an increase in the chemoreceptor gain during the postnatal period has also been suggested. The latter can initiate an "overshoot/undershoot" situation: the apnea results from a central depression in inspiratory motor drive, which is mainly due to hypocapnia. This concept has been described in adult dogs to explain periodic breathing (8) and extended to the newborn lamb (9), but physiolog...

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confidence: 99%

Ventilatory Response to a Hyperoxic Test Is Related to the Frequency of Short Apneic Episodes in Late Preterm Neonates

et al. 2007

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“…In adult subjects with Cheyne-Stokes respira tion, Gotoh et al [12] found that arterial PCO2 was highest and PO2 lowest at the onset of the respiratory phase. Conversely, in the present study, we found that PACC>2 was low est and PA0 2 highest preceding apnea, if al lowance was made for the estimated circula tion time between the lung and the central chemoreceptors [2], Thus, it appears that there is a general agreement about the rela tionship between chemical drive and the var ious phases of apneas [2,10,12], What is not known is whether these chemical changes de termine the pattern of breathing with apnea or whether chemical changes occur as a conse quence of another primary drive which is aug menting the baseline changes in ventilation, increasing the oscillations in PaCCT and PA0 2 and allowing apnea to occur. We tend to agree with Waggener et al [13] that the amplitude of the baseline changes in ventilation appear to be crucial to determine the occurrence and length of apnea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Cherniak et al [10] found that in periodic breathing following hyperventilation in dogs, the levels of PAC>2 and PACC>2 were critical in determining the length of apnea. They sug gested that the chemical drive interaction was responsible for periodic respiration associated with apneas equal to or less than 20 s. Apneas longer than 20 s would be explained on the basis of other mechanisms such as prolonged circulation time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of Alveolar Gases during Periodic and Regular Breathing in Preterm Infants

Pereira

Reis²,

Landriault³

et al. 1995

Neonatology

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To determine the changes in alveolar PCO₂ (P_ACO₂) and PO₂ (P_AO₂) during periodic and regular breathing epochs in the same infants, we studied 11 preterm infants during quiet sleep (birth weight 1,630 ± 94 g; gestational age 31 ± 1 weeks; postnatal age 32 ± 3 days). A total of 94 breathing/apneic cycles were analyzed and compared with regular periods. During periodic and regular breathing epochs, there were negative correlations of P_AO₂ on P_ACO₂. Short (5 s) and long ( > 5 s) apneas for individual infants occurred along the regression line for that infant. There was not a single overall critical P_ACO₂ below which apnea occurred, but for individual infants the P_ACO₂ and the P_ACO₂ of the breath preceding apnea varied within a limited range. Apneas occurred in clusters of P_ACO₂ and P_AO₂ along the average regression line of P_AO₂ on P_ACO₂. Analysis of the data showed that apnea occurred at the lowest P_ACO₂ and highest P_AO₂ levels if allowance was made for circulation time. During apnea, ‘the best fit’ for the increase in P_ACO₂ and the decrease in P_AO₂ was linear, rather than logarithmic. The findings suggest the following. (1) There is not a single overall critical level of P_ACO₂ for apnea to occur, but in a given infant this level varies within a limited range. This indicates that these infants are likely breathing near the apnea threshold. (2) Short and long apneas appear to occur randomly along the regression of P_AO₂ on P_ACO₂ for a particular infant. (3) The changes in alveolar gases are linear during apnea. The data are consistent with the idea that each infant has an optimum narrow range of P_ACO₂ and P_AO₂ values in which apnea occurs.

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“…Cherniack et al [2] applied a systems engineering approach to the control of respiration, describing a controller (brain stem respiratory pattern generator), sensors (chemo-and mechanoreceptors), and a plant (airways, chest wall, muscles, and pulmonary tissue). With this model, fluctuations are often dismissed as "noise" of little or no significance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, since many systems in nature, including respiration, operate away from an equilibrium point, the importance of taking fluctuations into account was well known from early models of the respiratory control mechanism. For example, measured interbreath intervals of a preterm baby at 39 and 61 weeks of postconceptional age have shown that the baby's breathing pattern was highly irregular at 39 weeks, and that the fluctuations were significantly reduced by 61 weeks [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Stochastic Optimal Control Theory to Model Spontaneous Breathing

Min¹

2013

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Respiratory variables, including tidal volume and respiratory rate, display significant variability. The probability density function (PDF) of respiratory variables has been shown to contain clinical information and can predict the risk for exacerbation in asthma. However, it is uncertain why this PDF plays a major role in predicting the dynamic conditions of the respiratory system. This paper introduces a stochastic optimal control model for noisy spontaneous breathing, and obtains a Shrödinger's wave equation as the motion equation that can produce a PDF as a solution. Based on the lobules-bronchial tree model of the lung system, the tidal volume variable was expressed by a polar coordinate, by use of which the Shrödinger's wave equation of inter-breath intervals (IBIs) was obtained. Through the wave equation of IBIs, the respiratory rhythm generator was characterized by the potential function including the PDF and the parameter concerning the topographical distribution of regional pulmonary ventilations. The stochastic model in this study was assumed to have a common variance parameter in the state variables, which would originate from the variability in metabolic energy at the cell level. As a conclusion, the PDF of IBIs would become a marker of neuroplasticity in the respiratory rhythm generator through Shrödinger's wave equation for IBIs.

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Periodic breathing in dogs

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Ventilatory Response to a Hyperoxic Test Is Related to the Frequency of Short Apneic Episodes in Late Preterm Neonates

Ventilatory Response to a Hyperoxic Test Is Related to the Frequency of Short Apneic Episodes in Late Preterm Neonates

Profile of Alveolar Gases during Periodic and Regular Breathing in Preterm Infants

A Stochastic Optimal Control Theory to Model Spontaneous Breathing

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