Periodic Examination of Sewage for the Virus of Poliomyelitis

Trask, James D.; Paul, John R.

doi:10.1084/jem.75.1.1

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The results as regards the production of the carrier state only in the previously uninoculated chimpanzee are similar to those recently reported from this laboratory (5,6). In the early work, following the intracutaneous inocu-lation of the Y-SK strain of poliomyelitis virus (monkey CNS), a chimpanzee was found to be excreting virus in its feces for a period of 2 weeks.…”

Section: New Haven)supporting

confidence: 91%

“…In the majority of instances, no clinical signs of infection appear, although the ~nimals become transient intestinal carriers of the virus. Not only has this finding been confirmed (4), but it has been shown also that carrier states may be set up in chimpanzees when virus has been inoculated in the skin (5,6).…”

Section: New Haven)mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…As a control, chimpanzee Jent was also inoculated in the skin at the same time with the same amount of virus. Previous experiments in this laboratory (5,6) have indicated that intestinal carrier states can be established in the chimpanzee and the monkey, by intra-and subcutaneous inoculation of virus. Stools were collected before the inoculations and at intervals thereafter for 1 month.…”

Section: New Haven)mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Active Immunity to Poliomyelitis in Chimpanzees Following Subclinical Infection

Melnick

Horstmann

1947

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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This report is concerned with the production of subclinical poliomyelitis in the chimpanzee, and immunity to such infection. Subclinical infection was produced in eight chimpanzees by the administration of virus orally or intracutaneously, and was measured by the production of a virus carrier state and the development of neutralizing antibodies. Immunity was tested by attempting to induce the carrier state again by a challenge dose of virus by the same routes. With an homologous strain as the challenge virus, immunity as defined here was produced in each of four chimpanzees tested. Neutralizing antibodies to the homologous strain were present about 1 month following the first exposure to virus by either the oral or cutaneous route. In another group of two chimpanzees, one developed neutralizing antibodies and immunity to heterologous strains, and one did not.

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Section: New Haven)supporting

confidence: 91%

Section: New Haven)mentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: New Haven)mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Active Immunity to Poliomyelitis in Chimpanzees Following Subclinical Infection

Melnick

Horstmann

1947

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…Since the early days of the pandemic, the application of wastewater surveillance for tracking COVID-19 has grown (Ahmed et al, 2020 ; Hata et al, 2021 ; Hemalatha et al, 2021 ; Medema et al, 2020 ; Peccia et al, 2020 ; Trottier et al, 2020 ; Weidhaas et al, 2021 ). This method has previously been used to track infection rates in communities, notably for diseases such as typhoid fever (Moore, 1951 ) and polio (Asghar et al, 2014 ; Chen, 2020 ; Trask & Paul, 1942 ). Wastewater surveillance has been shown to be an effective tool for tracking COVID-19 by providing an early warning of new or emerging cases that complements clinical testing efforts (Zhu et al, 2021 ), as well as monitoring current trends.…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early identification of a COVID-19 outbreak detected by wastewater surveillance at a large homeless shelter in Toronto, Ontario

Akingbola

Fernandes

Borden

et al. 2022

Can J Public Health

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Setting Toronto (Ontario, Canada) is a large urban centre with a significant population of underhoused residents and several dozen shelters for this population with known medical and social vulnerabilities. A sizeable men’s homeless shelter piloted a facility-level SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance program. Intervention Wastewater surveillance was initiated at the shelter in January 2021. One-hour composite wastewater samples were collected twice weekly from a terminal sanitary clean-out pipe. The genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was extracted from the solid phase of each sample and analyzed using real-time qPCR to estimate the viral level. Wastewater results were reported to facility managers and Toronto Public Health within 4 days. Outcomes There were 169 clients on-site at the time of the investigation. Wastewater surveillance alerted to the presence of COVID-19 activity at the site, prior to clinical detection. This notification acted as an early warning signal, which allowed for timely symptom screening and case finding for shelter managers and the local health unit, in preparation for the declaration of an outbreak. Implications Wastewater surveillance acted as an advanced notification leading to the timely deployment of enhanced testing prior to clinical presentation in a population with known vulnerabilities. Wastewater surveillance at the facility level is beneficial, particularly in high-risk congregate living settings such as shelters that house transient populations where clinical testing and vaccination can be challenging. Open communication, established individual facility response plans, and a balanced threshold for action are essential to an effective wastewater surveillance program.

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“…In the 1940s, several investigators confirmed that the virus responsible for this disease could be found in wastewater (Kling et al, 1942;Melnick, 1947;Paul et al, 1940;Trask and Paul, 1942). For example, it had long been recognized that poliomyelitis was transmitted via the fecal-oral route.…”

Section: Use Of Coliform As An Indicator Of the Presence Of Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%