Periodic maternal deprivation alters stress response in adult offspring: Potentiates the negative feedback regulation of restraint stress-induced adrenocortical response and reduces the frequencies of open field-induced behaviors

Manipulations During the Second, but not the First, Week of Life Increase Susceptibility to Cocaine Self-Administration in Female Rats

“…While and Goeders (1997) have suggested that enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine is related to high CORT levels, others report an inverse relationship between adrenocortical responsivity and drug-taking behavior in rodents (Deroche et al, 1997;Kosten et al, 1997Kosten et al, , 2000. Second, adrenocortical responsivity varies considerably depending on the manipulations performed early in life as well as on the type and length of the stressor imposed at the time of testing (Nunez et al, 1996;Ogawa et al, 1994). Had we administered a different type of stressor to elicit a response in adulthood, we might have been able to detect group differences in CORT levels.…”

“…The exact timing of a stressor, the regimen of exposure, and the resulting maternal behavior elicited by early life manipulations seem to play a critical role in determining long-term outcomes (Denenberg and Bell, 1960;Denenberg and Zarrow, 1971;Levine and Lewis, 1959;Nunez et al, 1996;Ogawa et al, 1994;Russell, 1971). For example, manipulations during the first week of life have different effects on maternal behavior and limbic-hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis development from manipulations in the second week of life Ader, 1969, 1974;Levine and Lewis, 1959;Meaney and Aitken, 1985;Reisbick et al, 1975).…”

Rats offspring exposed to Ipomoea Carnea and handling during gestation: neurochemical evaluation

“…Manipulation caused alterations in neurotransmitter levels and in their system activities. It is well known that maternal stress affects physiological and behavioral functions in the offspring, and that in the immature brain many neurotransmitters acts as developmental signals or regulators, resulting in permanent changes in the densities of several neurotransmitter receptors once the brain has matured (Ogawa et al, 1994). In addition, other studies revealed that prenatal stress reduces dopamine neurotransmission in the ventral striatum (Wang et al, 1995) and that changes in catecholamine and, especially in brain noradrenaline levels, have been associated with behavioral deficits caused by stress exposure (Mendels et al, 1972;Simpson and Weiss, 1988).…”

Repeated long separations from pups produce depression-like behavior in rat mothers

“…Repeated maternal separations during the postpartum period have profound effects on rats when they reach adulthood (Levine 1957;1962;Denenberg 1964;Levine et al 1967;Ader & Grota, 1969;Plotsky & Meaney, 1993;Ogawa et al 1994;Ladd et al 1996;Lui et al 1997;Caldji et al 1998;Boccia & Pedersen 2001;Gonzalez et al 2001;Ogawa et al 1994). Brief (approximately 15 min) maternal separations (BMS) have contrasting effects from long 3 to 6h separations (LMS).…”