Periodic sea-level oscillation in Tokyo Bay detected with the Tokyo-Bay seafloor hyper-kilometric submarine deep detector (TS-HKMSDD)

2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

Time synchronization of sensor nodes is critical for optimal operation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Since clocks incorporated into each node tend to drift, recurrent corrections are required. Most of these correction schemes involve clients periodically receive RF timing signals from a time server. However, an RF-based scheme is prone to glitches or failure unless operating in a region with almost entirely unobstructed space; hence it only operates well in a limited range of environments. For example, GPS requires open-sky environments. Moreover, the precision of land-based RF schemes is limited to a few micro seconds. In this work, we report on a more versatile and new type of recurrent clock resynchronization scheme called cosmic time calibrator (CTC) and its development and testing. CTC utilizes cosmic-ray muon signals instead of RF signals. Muons are penetrative and continuously precipitating onto the Earth’s surface, and they tend to travel linearly through encountered matter at approximately the speed of light in vacuum. Therefore, muons themselves can periodically transfer the precise timing information from node to node; hence, the performance of the inter-nodal communication device such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth is minimized/unnecessary for an online/offline WSN analysis. The experimental results have indicated that a resynchronization frequency and precision of 60 Hz and ± 4.3 ns (S.D.) can be achieved. Modelling work of the WSN-based structural health monitoring of aerospace structures has shown that CTC can contribute to the development of new critical and useful applications of WSN in a wider range of environments.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmic time calibrator for wireless sensor network

2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

“…(2) COSMOCAT can deliver the same numerical sequences of TRNs between the aboveground facility and a concealed underground vault. Cosmic-ray muons are penetrative, and they have been applied to imaging gigantic objects such as volcanoes 11 , ocean 12 , cyclones 13 , tectonics 14 , earthquake retrodiction 15 , Egyptian pyramids 16 , the Great Wall of China 17 as well as underground/underwater positioning 18 and navigation 19 , precise time synchronization 20 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmic coding and transfer storage (COSMOCATS) for invincible key storage

2023

Preprint

Thus far, a perfectly secure encryption key storage system doesn't exist. As long as key storage is connected to a network system, there is always a chance that it can be cracked. Even if storage is not continually connected to a network system; it is repeatedly necessary for an individual to access storage to upload and download the data; hence there is always a loophole with every conventional encryption key storage system. By utilizing the penetrative nature of cosmic-ray muons, the COSMOCAT (Cosmic coding and transfer) technique may tackle this problem by eliminating the requirement for any network connection to data storage. COSMOCAT was invented for post quantum key generation and distribution technique for wireless near field communication. However, in its first stage of development, COSMOCAT relied on standard comparators and Global Positioning System (GPS) or other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for key generation. Temporal jitters of the signals outputted from comparators and frequency fluctuations in GPS-disciplined oscillators degraded the key strength and the efficiency of both the key generation and distribution. New strategies are tested in this paper to improve these factors. As a result, the key strength and the key authenticating rate limit are respectively improved by 4 orders of magnitude and more than 5 orders of magnitude. As a consequence, it has become possible to propose a practical methodology for a new key storage and authentication which has the potential to be an impregnable defense against any kind of cyber/physical attack to data storage. Practical applications of COSMOCATS-based symmetric-key cryptosystems to an electronic digital signing system are discussed by introducing, as an example, a system for cryptocurrency implementation.

“…Muons are 205 times heavier than electrons thus, radiative interactions with matter are suppressed, and they can penetrate into subsurface regions of the Earth. By utilizing the relativistic and penetrative nature of cosmic-ray muons, imaging of gigantic bodies such as volcanoes 50 , pyramids 51 , tsunamis 52 , cyclones 53 and other underground structures as well as underwater/underground positioning 54 and navigation 55 , precise time synchronization 56 , and secured communication 57 have been made possible. As can be seen in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of instrumental investigations of cosmic-ray muon arrival time measurements to human brain processing of subjective temporal order

2023

Preprint

Since the 18th century, it has been widely accepted that causal order is independent from notions of time. Recent neurological experiments have shown that it is possible to violate subjective temporal order between motor-driven events and sensory events. This violation, subjective temporal order reversal, has been explained by the recalibration of the timeline to keep causality. However, subjective temporal order could also be violated between non-causal events. Therefore, it might be more appropriate to base a new approach upon another trivial condition. In this work, a condition called the consistency of event sharing is employed. An event shared by 2 individuals (A and B) at the same location must be consistent between these individuals (e.g., if A shakes B's hand, the moment when A touches B's hand is exactly the same moment when B touches A's hand). First, the timeline recalibration was defined and formulated in an instrument-muon system under this condition. Then, the consistency of event sharing rule was applied to prior neurological experiments. As a result, it was found that this condition sufficiently explains the reversed subjective causal order.