Periodicity in the BrO/SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; molar ratios in the volcanic gas plume of Cotopaxi and its correlation with the Earth tides during the eruption in 2015

Dinger, Florian; Bobrowski, Nicole; Warnach, Simon; Bredemeyer, Stefan; Hidalgo, Silvana; Arellano, Santiago; Galle, Bo; Platt, U.; Wagner, Thomas

doi:10.5194/se-2017-89

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…SO 2 progressively decreased to a minimum of 1.2 kt/d on 30 September, followed by a progressive increase leading to a new peak of 16 kt/d on 12 October associated with renewed ash emissions described by Bernard et al (). After the explosions BrO/SO 2 ratios showed a periodic pattern with a periodicity of 2 weeks (Dinger et al, ). These authors suggest that this pattern could be linked to Earth tides rather than to an eruption‐induced control.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bromine oxide (BrO) was also quantified from scan measurements following the method described in Lübcke et al (). This calculation provided daily estimates of the BrO/SO 2 molar ratio (Dinger et al, ). Nevertheless, some gaps in data are present due to the low quality of the scans from permanent stations given the high ash content in the plume (Dinger et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bromine oxide (BrO) was also quantified from scan measurements following the method described in Lübcke et al (2014). This calculation provided daily estimates of the BrO/SO 2 molar ratio (Dinger et al, 2018).…”

Section: Gas Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Nevertheless, some gaps in data are present due to the low quality of the scans from permanent stations given the high ash content in the plume (Dinger et al, 2018).…”

Section: 1029/2018gc007514mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the 2015 Cotopaxi Eruption Revealed by Combined Geochemical and Seismic Observations

Hidalgo

Battaglia

Arellano

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Through integration of multiple data streams to monitor volcanic unrest scientists are able to make more robust eruption forecast and to obtain a more holistic interpretation of volcanic systems. We examined gas emission and gas geochemistry and seismic and petrologic data recorded during the 2015 unrest of Cotopaxi (Ecuador) in order to decipher the origin and temporal evolution of this eruption. Identification of families of similar seismic events and the use of seismic amplitude ratios reveals temporal changes in volcanic processes. SO2 (300 to 24,000 t/d), BrO/SO2 (5–10 × 10−5), SO2/HCl (5.8 ± 4.8 and 6.6 ± 3.0), and CO2/SO2 (0.6 to 2.1) measured throughout the eruption indicate a shallow magmatic source. Bulk ash and glass chemistry indicate a homogenous andesitic (SiO2 wt % = 56.94 ± 0.25) magma having undergone extensive S‐exsolution and degassing during ascent. These data lead us to interpret this eruption as a magma intrusion and ascend to shallow levels. The intrusion progressively interacted with the hydrothermal system, boiled off water, and produced hydromagmatic explosions. A small volume of this intrusion continued to fragment and produced episodic ash emissions until it was sufficiently degassed and rheologically stiff. Based on the 470 kt of measured SO2 we estimate that ~65.3 × 106 m3 of magma were required to supply the emitted gases. This volume exceeds the volume of erupted juvenile material by a factor of 50. This result emphasizes the importance of careful monitoring of Cotopaxi to identify the intrusion of a new batch of magma, which could rejuvenate the nonerupted material.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gas Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 1029/2018gc007514mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the 2015 Cotopaxi Eruption Revealed by Combined Geochemical and Seismic Observations

Hidalgo

Battaglia

Arellano

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…The so derived daily averaged CO 2 fluxes range from ~9 to 139 kg/s (arithmetic mean, 43 ± 30) and have associated errors of 40% to >100%. These large uncertainties reflect the large interdaily variability of both CO 2 /SO 2 ratios and, especially, that of SO 2 fluxes, possibly caused by (i) the nonstationary nature of degassing at Nevado del Ruiz that consists of intermittent large pulses of SO 2 release interspersed within phases of milder and more continuous SO 2 degassing (e.g., Dinger et al, ; Malinconico , ), and (ii) the complex wind field patterns at the volcano's height that produce erratic changes in plume transport direction and speed (these being hard to quantify and taken into account in flux calculations). Here we attempted to minimize the effect of a time‐variable atmospheric plume dispersion, by applying a set of filtering parameters (see supporting information Text S1) that only scans the captured ≥85% of the gas plume that were selected for daily average estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic Gas Emissions Along the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone (CAS‐NVZ): Implications for volcano monitoring and volatile budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt

Lages

Chacón

Burbano

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Studying spatial and temporal trends in volcanic gas compositions and fluxes is crucial both to volcano monitoring and to constrain the origin and recycling efficiency of volatiles at active convergent margins. New volcanic gas compositions and volatile fluxes are here reported for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Purace, three of the most persistently degassing volcanoes located in the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone. At Nevado del Ruiz, from 2014 to 2017, plume emissions showed an average molar CO2/ST ratio of 3.9 ± 1.6 (ST is total sulfur, S). Contemporary, fumarolic chemistry at Galeras progressively shifted toward low‐temperature, S‐depleted fumarolic gas discharges with an average CO2/ST ratio in excess of 10 (6.0–46.0, 2014–2017). This shift in volcanic gas compositions was accompanied by a concurrent decrease in SO2 emissions, confirmed on 21 March 2017 by high‐resolution ultraviolet camera‐based SO2 fluxes of ~2.5 kg/s (~213 t/day). For comparison, SO2 emissions remained high at Nevado del Ruiz (weighted average of 8 kg/s) between 2014 and 2017, while Puracé maintained rather low emission levels (<1 kg/s of SO2, CO2/SO2 ≈ 14). We here estimate carbon dioxide fluxes for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Puracé of ~23, 30, and 1 kg/s, respectively. These, combined with recent CO2 flux estimates for Nevado del Huila of ~10 kg/s (~860 t/day), imply that this arc segment contributes about 50% to the total subaerial CO2 budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt. Furthermore, our work highlights the northward increase in carbon‐rich sediment input into the mantle wedge via slab fluids and melts that is reflected in magmatic CO2/ST values far higher than those reported for Southern Volcanic Zone and Central Volcanic Zone volcanoes. We estimate that about 20% (~1.3 Mt C/year) of the C being subducted (~6.19 Mt C/year) gets resurfaced through subaerial volcanic gas emissions in Colombia (Nevado del Ruiz ~0.7 Mt C/year). As global volcanic volatile fluxes continue to be quantified and refined, the contribution from this arc segment should not be underestimated.

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Spatial Distribution of Halogen Oxides in the Plume of Mount Pagan Volcano, Mariana Islands

Kern

Lyons

2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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Halogens are emitted from volcanoes primarily as hydrogen halides (HCl, HF, HBr, and HI). Upon mixing with the atmosphere, chlorine and bromine species are partially converted to the halogen oxides OClO and BrO. Here we report on the spatial distribution of BrO and OClO in the gas plume emitted from Mount Pagan volcano, Northern Mariana Islands. We found enhanced BrO/SO 2 ratios near the plume edges and a lack of OClO in the plume's core. Our results highlight the importance of in-mixing of atmospheric oxidants for halogen oxide formation. They indicate that OClO can only be formed after most bromide dissolved in plume aerosols has been released to the gas phase. We conclude that Mount Pagan's gas emissions originated from a shallow magma body and were transported to the surface along dry degassing pathways and that the volcano's halogen emissions likely had significant impact on the oxidation capacity of the downwind atmosphere.Plain Language Summary The halogens chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine are commonly degassed from volcanoes and can cause ozone destruction in downwind areas. This occurs through a series of complex chemical reactions taking place within the first few minutes after emission that convert part of the emitted bromine and chlorine into bromine monoxide (BrO) and chlorine dioxide (OClO). These halogen oxides can be measured using remote sensing instruments commonly used to monitor volcanic degassing around the world. In this study, we examine the spatial distribution of BrO and OClO in the plume of Mount Pagan volcano. Our measurements allow insights into the chemical processes responsible for BrO and OClO formation. We find that in-mixing of background air is of fundamental importance for the reaction scheme and that BrO is formed preferentially over OClO. This information will allow volcanologists to better link bromine emissions to associated volcanic activity and help in assessing the impact of volcanic halogen degassing on atmospheric chemistry.

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Periodicity in the BrO/SO<sub>2</sub> molar ratios in the volcanic gas plume of Cotopaxi and its correlation with the Earth tides during the eruption in 2015

Cited by 6 publications

References 39 publications

Evolution of the 2015 Cotopaxi Eruption Revealed by Combined Geochemical and Seismic Observations

Evolution of the 2015 Cotopaxi Eruption Revealed by Combined Geochemical and Seismic Observations

Volcanic Gas Emissions Along the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone (CAS‐NVZ): Implications for volcano monitoring and volatile budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt

Spatial Distribution of Halogen Oxides in the Plume of Mount Pagan Volcano, Mariana Islands

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