Periodontal diseases- A brief review

Abstract

Periodontal diseases consists of a wide range of inflammatory conditions which causes degeneration of Periodontium and affects all supporting structures of teeth such as gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone etc. followed by teeth loss. WHO had reported about 10-15% of the world population is suffering from severe periodontal condition. It is complex infectious disease caused by aggressive microbial growth on teeth. The main aim of this study is to provide systemic update on periodontal disease regarding its stages, occurrence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and management. The pathophysiology of periodontal disease is associated with dental plaque, microbial biofilm formation and immunogenicity of the host cell. The severity of this disease depends upon risk factors and chronological stages. Prevention is attained by daily maintenance of oral hygiene. Various surgical and non-surgical treatments are available to control the formation of microbial biofilm. Daily maintenance and periodic management of this disease control worsening of condition and shows definite improvement in oral health.

Potential Combination of Acemannan Sponge and Calcium Phosphate Cement-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate (CPC-CSH) as Direct Pulp Capping Alternative Materials for Reparative Dentin Formation

“…Ca(OH) 2 has been the gold standard for pulp capping materials for decades. 20 Widely, Ca(OH) 2 is used as an endodontic treatment because it has the ability to heal tissue. Ca(OH) 2 has the advantage of having excellent pH and antibacterial properties.…”

Ceramide Phosphoethanolamine as a Possible Marker of Periodontal Disease

“…Periodontal disease is of great importance worldwide, affecting more than 10% of the adult population [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] and also occurring in children and adolescents [ 4 ]. It is an inflammatory event caused by dysbiosis of the commensal subgingival microbiota, which promotes the growth of pathobiontic bacteria, immune system activation, inflammation, and tissue breakdown [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. More than 600 bacterial species are found in the human oral cavity, but only a few play a role in oral health [ 6 ].…”

“…It is an inflammatory event caused by dysbiosis of the commensal subgingival microbiota, which promotes the growth of pathobiontic bacteria, immune system activation, inflammation, and tissue breakdown [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. More than 600 bacterial species are found in the human oral cavity, but only a few play a role in oral health [ 6 ]. A dental biofilm consists of aerobic bacteria that form microcolonies surrounded by a protective glycoprotein and polysaccharide matrix in healthy individuals.…”

“…With good oral hygiene, the bacterial dental biofilm, plaque, can be removed, but otherwise, plaque begins to accumulate and cause gingival inflammation [ 7 , 8 ]. With inflammation, the microbiota changes to a predominance of Gram-negative and strictly anaerobic species [ 9 ], including Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Treponema denticola , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Prevotella intermedia , and some others [ 6 , 10 ].…”

“…The standard diagnostic procedure in periodontology is usually based on clinical measurements, such as probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing, supported by radiographic evaluation [ 6 ]. As patients usually do not experience pain and do not seek medical attention, the disease can often reach an irreversible stage before treatment is initiated and cannot be controlled by oral hygiene [ 11 ].…”