Periodontal Inflammation and Systemic Diseases: An Overview

Abstract

Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease of infectious origins that often evolves into a chronic condition. Aside from its importance as a stomatologic ailment, chronic periodontitis has gained relevance since it has been shown that it can develop into a systemic condition characterized by unresolved hyper-inflammation, disruption of the innate and adaptive immune system, dysbiosis of the oral, gut and other location's microbiota and other system-wide alterations that may cause, coexist or aggravate other health issues associated to elevated morbi-mortality. The relationships between the infectious, immune, inflammatory, and systemic features of periodontitis and its many related diseases are far from being fully understood and are indeed still debated. However, to date, a large body of evidence on the different biological, clinical, and policy-enabling sources of information, is available. The aim of the present work is to summarize many of these sources of information and contextualize them under a systemic inflammation framework that may set the basis to an integral vision, useful for basic, clinical, and therapeutic goals.

Lime Peel Oil–Incorporated Rosin-Based Antimicrobial In Situ Forming Gel

“…Periodontitis damages the periodontal tissue and destroys the bone that supports the teeth resulting in periodontal pockets for bacteria accumulation with more aggressive conditions [ 1 ]. In practice, the inhibition of bacteria growth in periodontal pockets by mechanical scaling, root planing and medications are typically recommended by the dentist [ 1 , 2 ].…”

“…Periodontitis damages the periodontal tissue and destroys the bone that supports the teeth resulting in periodontal pockets for bacteria accumulation with more aggressive conditions [ 1 ]. In practice, the inhibition of bacteria growth in periodontal pockets by mechanical scaling, root planing and medications are typically recommended by the dentist [ 1 , 2 ]. Several antimicrobial agents have been utilized for clinical and microbiological efficacy in periodontal diseases such as chlorhexidine, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, etc.…”

Aggravating Effects of Psychological Stress on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis via the Involvement of Local Oxidative Damage and NF-κB Activation

“…As a chronic inflammatory disease, periodontitis is the main cause of tooth exfoliation due to severe inflammatory reactions and periodontal tissue destruction [ 1 ]. Although it is currently widely accepted that bacteria are the main aetiologic factor in periodontal disease [ 2 ], it cannot be ignored that the local, systemic, and behavioural host conditions that affect the resistance of the host to infecting periodontal microorganisms could modify the onset and progression of periodontitis [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Periodontitis, Metabolic and Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases: Current Perspectives on Possible Pathogenic Connections

“…The periodontium and its structural components (gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone) are anatomical elements that possess a rich vascular and nervous network. This fact creates a strong bond between the periodontium and the rest of human body, via vascular, lymphatic and nervous means [ 10 ]. Therefore, any pathologic event that may influence the general homeostasis of the body and the health status of patients could be reflected at a periodontal level [ 10 ].…”