Perioperative Anemia: An Independent Risk Factor for Infection, Mortality, and Resource Utilization in Surgery

Universal tranexamic acid therapy to minimize transfusion for major joint arthroplasty: a retrospective analysis of protocol implementation

“…[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Our data confirm that patients in the Pre-Protocol group with Fig. 3 The impact of protocol implementation in anemic (Hb \ 120 gÁL -1 ) and non-anemic patients (Hb [ 120 gÁL -1 ) is demonstrated.…”

A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Intravenous versus Oral Iron Therapy in the Treatment of Preoperative Anaemia

“…Depending on the type of surgery, underlying disease and the definitions of anaemia, about 11% to 76% of surgical patients may present with pre-operative anaemia [3,4]. Recently, there has been increasing evidence to suggest that pre-operative anaemia can lead to an increased risk of peri-operative adverse outcomes such as increased post operative infections, increase the requirement for blood transfusion, increase of hospital Length of Stay (LoS) and increased overall morbidity and mortality [5][6][7]. In addition, evidence has shown that pre-operative anaemia increases the chance of receiving unnecessary allogeneic blood transfusion with its consequences when compared to patients with a normal haemoglobin level [5][6][7].…”

“…In addition, evidence has shown that pre-operative anaemia increases the chance of receiving unnecessary allogeneic blood transfusion with its consequences when compared to patients with a normal haemoglobin level [5][6][7]. This is considered as an independent risk factor that increases peri-operative adverse outcomes [5,7]. Many studies demonstrated that there was an increased risk of postoperative mortality and morbidity including pulmonary and infectious complications after receiving intraoperative blood transfusions [8][9][10].…”

Reassessing the risk of hemodilutional anemia: Some new pieces to an old puzzle

“…Despite these adaptations, increasing clinical evidence supports a strong association between anemia, increased organ injury, and mortality. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] With the advent of modern medical intervention, the initial treatment of acute blood loss is fluid resuscitation with crystalloid and/or colloid. This treatment has led to an increased incidence of normovolemic hemodilution (hemodilution) in many clinical settings, including the operating room and intensive care unit.…”