“…Also, spinal connections are frequently disturbed upon peripheral nerve injury via immune processes with losses of VGLUT1+ synapses (Campos, Barbosa-Silva, & Ribeiro-Resende, 2021; Gong, Hagopian, Holmes, Luo, & Xu, 2019; Y. Liu et al, 2017; Malet et al, 2013; Rotterman et al, 2019; Rotterman et al, 2023; Schmidtko et al, 2008; Takemura, Kobayashi, Kato, Yamaguchi, & Hori, 2018), and IL-4 has pro-regenerative as well as modulatory effects on synaptic structures (Castro et al, 2019).…”