“…The trainees follow the tutor's instruction to focus on and regulate their breathing pattern in some mind-body practice (Brown & Gerbarg, 2005;Pal & Velkumary, 2004), such as yoga, meditation, or mindfulness training. Recently, an increasing number of portable devices (Choi & Ishii, 2020;Reiner, 2008), mobile apps, and novel interactive systems (Ghandeharioun & Picard, 2017;Miri et al, 2020;Moraveji et al, 2011;Paredes & Chan, 2011;Paredes et al, 2018;Patibanda et al, 2017;Yu et al, 2015b; are developed for respiration training. Based on the guidance provided by these technology-mediated training systems, they can be mainly divided into two types: preset feedforward guidance systems and real-time biofeedback systems.…”