Periplaneta americana Oligosaccharides Exert Anti-Inflammatory Activity through Immunoregulation and Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Acute Colitis Mice Model

Abstract

The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD) are increasing around the world due to bacterial infection, abnormal immune response, etc. The conventional medicines for IBD treatment possess serious side effects. Periplaneta americana (P. americana), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat arthritis, fever, aches, inflammation, and other diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of oligosaccharides from P. Americana (OPA) and its possible mechanisms in vivo. OPA were purified and biochemical characterization was analyzed by HPGPC, HPLC, FT-IR, and GC–MS. Acute colitis mice model was established, the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were tested in vivo. The results showed OPA with molecular mass of 1.0 kDa were composed of 83% glucose, 6% galactose, 11% xylose, and the backbone was (1→4)-Glcp. OPA had potent antioxidant activities in vitro and significantly alleviated the clinical symptoms of colitis, relieved colon damage without toxic side effects in vivo. OPA exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by regulating Th1/Th2, reducing oxidative stress, preserving intestinal barrier integrity, and inhibiting TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, OPA protected gut by increasing microbial diversity and beneficial bacteria, and reducing pathogenic bacteria in feces. OPA might be the candidate of complementary and alternative medicines of IBD with low-cost and high safety.

Neuroprotective Effects of Oligosaccharides From Periplaneta Americana on Parkinson’s Disease Models In Vitro and In Vivo

“…The Periplaneta Americana residues were collected from the Sichuan Gooddoctor-Panxi Phar-maceutical Company (Xichang, Sichuan Province, China). The purification of OPA has been performed according to the method previously described in our laboratory ( Lu et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Studies showed that the P. Americana , which is widely distributed in tropical areas, contains a variety of small molecule peptides and amino acids, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, clusterins, pheromones, and other components, which can promote tissue repair, enhance myocardial contractility, protect liver and resist damage, and improve immunity ( Sheu et al, 2019 ; Nawaz et al, 2022 ). According to the results of preliminary research in the laboratory ( Lu et al, 2021 ), researchers verified that the oligosaccharides extracted from the dregs of P. Americana (OPA), which were composed of 83% glucose, 11% xylose and 6% galactose, could effectively improve enteritis of model mice and demonstrated certain antioxidant activity. However, how OPA regulates the compositions of intestinal flora and what role OPA plays in PD is unclear.…”

Insect industrialization and prospect in commerce: A case of China

“…The American cockroach Periplaneta americana is a famous example of insect drug. Pharmacological research demonstrated that extracts from P. americana has the effects of antibiosis and anti-inflammation (Wanule & Sirsikar 2009;Kim et al 2020;Nguyen et al 2020;Lu et al 2021), it also aids tissue repair (Su & Cheng 1999;Wang et al 2021), fight against tumors (Yang et al 2015;Zhang et al 2017;Zhao et al 2017) and prevents liver damage (Gan et al 2011;Zhang et al 2017). Based on pharmacological study, three new medicines developed from P. americana were approved by the NMPA of China to treat wounds, liver and heart disease.…”

“…2020; Lu et al . 2021), it also aids tissue repair (Su & Cheng 1999; Wang et al . 2021), fight against tumors (Yang et al .…”

Effects of water extracts of American cockroach ( Periplaneta americana ) on the growth and physiological and biochemical indices of genetically improved farmed tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )

“…The American cockroach ( Periplaneta americana ) is rich in proteins, amino acids, and mineral and trace elements. Moreover, these insects contain mucopolysaccharides, antimicrobial peptides, phenolic acids, isoflavones, and isocoumarins (Xia et al, 2019), which can scavenge free radicals and improve antioxidant stress (Chen et al, 2009; Wang et al, 2011), immunity (Zhou & Yuan, 2017), and anti‐inflammatory and analgesic responses (Lu et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2016). Previous studies have documented that as a feed material, American cockroaches do not cause obvious adverse reactions in animals (Tang et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2016).…”