Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as prospective predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Kumpula, Mandy J.; Orcutt, Holly K.; Bardeen, Joseph R.; Varkovitzky, Ruth

doi:10.1037/a0023927

Cited by 152 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…AAQ-II scores have been uniquely predictive of PTSD severity in cross-sectional research with a subset of the current sample (Meyer, Morissette, Kimbrel, Kruse, & Gulliver, 2013) and in prospective research with college students exposed to a campus shooting (Kumpula, Orcutt, Bardeen, & Varkovitzky, 2011). Internal consistency was .94 in the current study.…”

Section: Measures Of Psychological Resources and Mediating Variablesmentioning

confidence: 48%

Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans.

Elliott¹,

Hsiao

Kimbrel

et al. 2015

Rehabilitation Psychology

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Objective-We examined the prospective influence of the resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality prototypes on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. After accounting for the possible influence of combat exposure, we expected that the resilient prototype would predict lower depression and PTSD over time and would be associated with adaptive coping strategies, higher social support, lower psychological inflexibility, and higher self-reported resilience relative to the overcontrolled and undercontrolled prototypes, independent of TBI status.

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Section: Measures Of Psychological Resources and Mediating Variablesmentioning

confidence: 48%

Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans.

Elliott¹,

Hsiao

Kimbrel

et al. 2015

Rehabilitation Psychology

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“…In fact, high levels of EA measured prior to a traumatic event predict increased PTS symptoms in the acute aftermath of the event and 8 months later (Kumpula et al 2011), thus providing temporal evidence of EA as a risk factor for the development of PTS.…”

Section: Pts-related Individual Difference Factorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Emotional Distress Intolerance, Experiential Avoidance, and Anxiety Sensitivity: The Buffering Effect of Attentional Control on Associations with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Bardeen

Fergus

2015

J Psychopathol Behav Assess

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A number of individual difference factors, including emotional distress intolerance (EDI), experiential avoidance (EA), and anxiety sensitivity (ASI), have been implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology. Attentional control (AC) has been shown to serve as a protective factor against the development of maladaptive psychological outcomes across a number of studies, even among those with outcome-specific vulnerabilities. The purpose of the present study was to examine AC as a moderator of the relations between three constructs pertaining to the way that people relate to their internal experiences (i.e., EDI, EA, AS) and PTS symptoms among a trauma exposed community sample (N=903). As predicted, AC moderated the relations between each individual difference factor and PTS symptoms, such that as attentional control decreased, the strength of the association between each individual difference factor and PTS symptoms increased. Study results suggest that AC abilities may be one factor that differentiates those who recover from trauma from those who do not, even among those who may be vulnerable for developing PTS symptomatology. Clinical implications and results of a PTS cluster level analysis will be discussed.Although it is more common than not to experience trauma in one's lifetime, only a small fraction of trauma-exposed individuals go on to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Breslau 2009). However, because PTSD is associated with severe psychological distress, as well as severe impairment in social, occupational, and family functioning (Brady et al. 2000), substantial effort has been put into identifying risk and resiliency factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology. A number of factors, especially those regarding how people relate to aversive internal experiences (e.g., emotional distress intolerance, experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity), have been identified as individual difference factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of PTS. Unfortunately, these factors are often studied in isolation rather than concurrently exploring the conditions under which these factors are more or less likely to relate to PTS. For example, it has been suggested that attentional control (AC; i.e., the strategic control of higherorder executive attention in regulating bottom-up, stimulus driven, emotional responses) may be a transdiagnostic protective factor against the development of maladaptive outcomes, even among those with outcome-specific vulnerabilities (Bardeen et al. 2015a). As such, it may be particularly important to examine the role of AC in the relation between the individual difference factors described above and PTS symptoms. PTS-related Individual Difference FactorsAmong a number of PTS-related individual difference factors, constructs pertaining to the way people relate to their internal experiences (e.g., emotional distress intolerance, experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity), have rece...

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“…Dissociative symptoms may not only be an integral part of PTSD symptomatology (Dalenberg & Carlson, 2012), they may also be independent mechanisms for coping with overwhelming emotions (Kumpula, Orcutt, Bardeen, & Varkovitzky, 2011). This is consistent with this notion of peritraumatic dissociation, which is conceptualized as a coping mechanism (Kumpula et al, 2011). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in civilian populations exposed to mass shootings (Kumpula et al, 2011) or motor vehicle accidents (Ehlers, Mayou, & Bryant, 1998) and in combat veterans (Bremner et al, 1992; Marmar et al, 1994). However, a prospective longitudinal study showed that peritraumatic dissociation was no longer predictive of PTSD symptom severity at follow-up after controlling for PTSD symptom severity, measured within days of exposure (Marshall & Schell, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-deployment dissociation and personality as risk factors for post-deployment post-traumatic stress disorder in Danish soldiers deployed to Afghanistan

León

Andersen

Karstoft

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Objective: This study investigated whether pre-deployment dissociation was associated with previously identified post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom trajectories from before to 2.5 years after military deployment. Furthermore, it examined whether the tendency to dissociate, pre-deployment personality factors, conceptualized by the Big Five model, and previous trauma represented independent risk factors for post-deployment PTSD symptoms.Method: This prospective study included the entire team of 743 soldiers from the Danish Contingent of the International Security Assistance Force 7 deployed to Afghanistan in 2009. Data consisted of self-report measures and were collected six times: before deployment; during deployment; and 1–3 weeks, 2 months, 7 months and 2.5 years after homecoming.Results: The findings indicate significant associations between pre-deployment dissociation and six PTSD trajectories (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.120). Based on mean differences in dissociation for the six trajectories, two main groups emerged: a group with high dissociation scores at pre-deployment, which had moderate PTSD symptom levels at pre-deployment and fluctuated over time; and a group with low dissociation scores at pre-deployment, which had low initial PTSD symptom levels and diverged over time. Our study also confirmed previous findings of a positive association between neuroticism and dissociation (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). This suggests that negative emotionality may be a vulnerability that enhances dissociative experiences, although a causal link cannot be concluded from the findings. Finally, pre-deployment dissociation, pre-deployment neuroticism and a history of traumatic events, as independent factors, were significant predictors of post-deployment PTSD (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.158).Conclusions: The study emphasizes the multiplicity of factors involved in the development of PTSD, and group differences in dissociative symptoms support the heterogeneity in PTSD. Further, this study points to specific aspects of personality that may be targeted in a clinical setting and in pre-deployment assessments in the military.

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Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as prospective predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Cited by 152 publications

References 68 publications

Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans.

Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans.

Emotional Distress Intolerance, Experiential Avoidance, and Anxiety Sensitivity: The Buffering Effect of Attentional Control on Associations with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Pre-deployment dissociation and personality as risk factors for post-deployment post-traumatic stress disorder in Danish soldiers deployed to Afghanistan

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