Peritraumatic Dissociation and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Violent Assault

Birmes, Philippe; Carreras, Didier; Charlet, Jean-Paul; Warner, Barbara Ann; Lauque, D.; Schmitt, Laurent

doi:10.1097/00005053-200111000-00011

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…A score of 22 denotes a clinically significant peritraumatic dissociative response. [16] The PDEQ also showed moderate to strong convergent validity, satisfactory test-retest reliability, and internal consistency (Cronbach's a of .90 in our sample). [10][11][12] To assess the symptoms of PTSD the Posttraumatic stress disorder Checklist specific (PCL-S) was used.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 56%

Symptoms of traumatic stress in mothers of children victims of a motor vehicle accident

et al. 2009

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 56%

Symptoms of traumatic stress in mothers of children victims of a motor vehicle accident

et al. 2009

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“…The inclusion of BPD among the disorders whose pathogenesis involves dissociation is supported by the fact that transient dissociative experiences are among the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for BPD (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The inclusion of PTSD is justified by the finding that peritraumatic dissociation (i.e., dissociative states of mind taking place during or immediately after a traumatic experience) is often the first step in the genesis of this disorder (Birmes et al, 2001; Cardeña et al, 1993;Harvey & Briant, 1998;Marmar et al, 1994;Shalev et al, 1996;Ursano et al, 1999).We should now address an important question: what happens to the dissociated representations of the drama triangle before they are elicited by a traumatic stressor? Are they simply dormant, or are they actively kept at bay by some type of mental-relational strategy?…”

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confidence: 99%

Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid.

Liotti¹

2004

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training

370

296

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2The aim of this paper is to familiarize the reader with research findings and theoretical perspectives that suggest that disorganized attachment plays a central role in trauma-related disorders. It is proposed that the propensity to react to traumatic events with dissociation is related to disorganization of early attachment and its developmental sequelae. This conceptual framework has deep implications for the psychotherapeutic treatment of dissociative disorders, a topic that will be briefly addressed in the final section of this paper. An overview of research on attachment in infants and adultsEarly attachment is studied and assessed through a standardized laboratory procedure (the Strange Situation: Ainsworth, 1982) where infants about 18 months old are observed during two brief episodes of separation from a caregiver, followed by two episodes of reunion. Three patterns of organized attachment behavior have been identified in infants: secure (the infant cries at separation and is quickly comforted at reunion), insecure-avoidant (the infant does not cry at separation, and actively avoids the caregiver on reunion) and insecure-ambivalent (the infant cries at separation, but is not easily comforted on reunion). Some infants are not able to organize their attachment behavior according to any unitary or coherent pattern: they are classified disorganized in their attachments.Research studies on adult attachment are based on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI: see Hesse, 1999). The AAI is a standardized interview, developed by Mary Main and her collaborators, that explores adult individuals' autobiographical memories of past attachment relationships. A complex scoring system of the interview transcript allows for a reliable classification of the individual's state of mind concerning attachment relationships. Classification is based on the assessment of (1) deficits in metacognitive monitoring expressed as incoherence of memory, thought and discourse, and (2) different ways of organizing coherent states of mind concerning attachment. 3The three main classes of coherent states of mind emerging from the AAI are called "autonomous" (related to secure attachment in children), "dismissing" (linked to insecure-avoidant attachment in children) and "preoccupied" (related to early insecure-ambivalent attachment)."Autonomous" interviews show coherent narratives, high levels of metacognitive monitoring (ongoing awareness that one's report of past memories should be made understandable to the interviewer) and freedom of thought in reporting memories of early attachment (i.e., both positive and emotionally negative memories are reported in a non-defensive manner). "Dismissing" interviews are characterized by idealization of the attachment figures, dismissing attitudes toward the importance of attachment needs, and a discrepancy between semantic (i.e., global descriptive) and episodic (i.e., specific) childhood memories. This discrepancy takes the form of maintaining an idealized view of one's parents despite recollections that...

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“…In recent years, Marmar et al (1994) introduced the term "peritraumatic dissociation" to describe alterations in consciousness that occur during traumatic events, including depersonalization, derealization, narrowing of attention, time distortion, and confusion, that occur during or immediately after a traumatic event. A growing body of empirical studies has established that peritraumatic dissociation plays an important role in the peritraumatic reactions of adults (Birmes et al, 2001;Engelhard, Van den Hout, Kindt, Arntz, & Schouten, 2003) and in the development of PTSD (Johnson, Pike, & Chard, 2001;Koopman, Classen, & Spiegel, 1994;Marmar et al, 1999). While many studies have established that children experience chronic dissociative symptoms after exposure to traumatic events, especially child abuse (Briere et al, 2001;Ehlers et al, 2003;Putnam, 1993), researchers have only begun to investigate peritraumatic dissociation in children and adolescents (Fein, Kassam-Adams, Vu, & Datner, 2001).…”

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Emotional Reactions, Peritraumatic Dissociation, and Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Adolescents

Dyb

Rodriguez²,

Brymer

et al. 2008

Journ Child Adol Trauma

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In this study, the complexity of subjective responses during or immediately after traumatic experiences was explored. Immediate emotional reactions, intense physiological activity, cognitive reaction, and alterations in consciousness were evaluated in relation to current PTSD. The sample consisted of 51 multi-ethnic youth in a middle school. Youth completed a brief standardized self-report screening measure of exposure to traumatic events, and a follow-up interview that further assessed peritraumatic reactions and PTSD. Current PTSD reactions were significantly associated to four factors describing peritraumatic reactions: intense emotional reactions, physiological arousal, dissociation, and intervention thoughts, and these variables accounted for 48% of the variance in current PTSD reactions. The findings underscore the importance of including immediate subjective responses in evaluations of traumatized adolescents.Clinical experience and empirical studies of traumatized children and adolescents exposed to violence and disaster indicate that traumatic experiences are extremely complex,

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Peritraumatic Dissociation and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Violent Assault

Cited by 35 publications

References 10 publications

Symptoms of traumatic stress in mothers of children victims of a motor vehicle accident

Symptoms of traumatic stress in mothers of children victims of a motor vehicle accident

Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid.

Emotional Reactions, Peritraumatic Dissociation, and Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Adolescents

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