Perivascular adipose tissue-derived nitric oxide compensates endothelial dysfunction in aged pre-atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient rats

Effects of gold nanoparticles phytoreduced with Cornus mas L. extract on the aorta wall function in rats with hyperlipid diet – a study on isolated aortic rings

“…Prolonged HFD produced oxidative stress and inflammation in the aorta wall, the macrophages and foam cells being noticed in the subendothelial connective layer, important results that make connections indirectly with the PVAT responses to subsequent inflammation occurred after the high lipid diet, as Xia and Li noticed [ 6 ]. The increase of iNOS levels in aorta of rats with HFD [ 13 ] may be the result of macrophages activation in aortic PVAT [ 24 ] and may show the level of the aorta wall inflammation [ 25 ] that leaded to increased contractility [ 26 ].…”

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Perivascular Adipose Tissue

“…Indeed, eNOS expression has been found in dendrite cells [ 78 ], red blood cells [ 81 ], hepatocytes [ 80 ], as well as in adipocytes [ 6 ]. While the expression of iNOS in PVAT is only induced in pathological conditions [ 82 ], and the expression of nNOS in PVAT is controversial [ 83 ], the expression of eNOS in thoracic aortic PVAT has recently been demonstrated by various groups. Gene and protein expressions of eNOS in PVAT have been detected [ 6 , 84 ].…”

“…In addition, basal NO production is reduced in small arteries from obese patients compared with nonobese controls, while this reduction in basal NO production is only evident in PVAT-adhered, but not in PVAT-removed arteries [ 89 ]. However, in HFD-fed ApoE knockout rat models of early atherosclerosis, Nakladel et al demostrated an upregulation of eNOS in the inflammatory thoracic PVAT, which compensates severe endothelial dysfunction by contributing to NO production upon cholinergic stimulation [ 82 ]. Nevertheless, these results indicate that, under obesity-related metabolic diseases, PVAT eNOS may be even more important than endothelium eNOS in obesity-induced vascular dysfunction, which may be attributed to certain PVAT eNOS-specific functions [ 1 , 28 , 113 ].…”

Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery

“…Lesions developed on a normal diet, while the feeding of a Western diet significantly increased plaque development after 40 weeks, with severe widespread atherosclerosis throughout the arterial tree, including the carotids, after more prolonged feeding (64 weeks) [ 68 ]. However, a further study using ApoE −/− rats fed a high fat diet for 51 weeks only detected evidence of early atherosclerosis as assessed by increased intima/media thickness ratio and macrophage influx into ApoE −/− aortic intima [ 69 ].…”