Periventricular leucomalacia: a review

Blumenthal, I

doi:10.1007/s00431-004-1477-y

Cited by 91 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…V Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are increasingly implicated in triggering signalling cascades leading to cell death in a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Gebicke-Haerter, 2001;Lui and Hong, 2003). Activated microglia release a wide array of factors that may trigger the death of oligodendrocytes or their precursor cells (OPC) in models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), cerebral ischemia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and spinal cord injury (Sriram and Rodrigeuz, 1997;Beattie et al, 2002;Blumenthal, 2004). However, evidence suggests that microglia may play a dual role in CNS injury, exacerbating damage in some instances but promoting repair or regeneration in others (Popovich et al, 2002;Butovsky et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 98%

Attenuation of proliferation in oligodendrocyte precursor cells by activated microglia

Taylor

Pirianov

Holland

et al. 2010

J of Neuroscience Research

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Activated microglia can influence the survival of neural cells through the release of cytotoxic factors. Here, we investigated the interaction between Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-activated microglia and oligodendrocytes or their precursor cells (OPC). Primary rat or N9 microglial cells were activated by exposure to TLR4-specifc lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, increased CD68 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Microglial conditioned medium (MGCM) from LPS-activated microglia attenuated primary OPC proliferation without inducing cell death. The microglial-induced inhibition of OPC proliferation was reversed by stimulating group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in microglia with the agonist L-AP4. In contrast to OPC, LPS-activated MGCM enhanced the survival of mature oligodendrocytes. Further investigation suggested that TNF and IL-6 released from TLR4-activated microglia might contribute to the effect of MGCM on OPC proliferation, insofar as TNF depletion of LPS-activated MGCM reduced the inhibition of OPC proliferation, and direct addition of TNF or IL-6 attenuated or increased proliferation, respectively. OPC themselves were also found to express proteins involved in TLR4 signalling, including TLR4, MyD88, and MAL. Although LPS stimulation of OPC did not induce proinflammatory cytokine release or affect their survival, it did trigger JNK phosphorylation, suggesting that TLR4 signalling in these cells is active. These findings suggest that OPC survival may be influenced not only by factors released from endotoxin-activated microglia but also through a direct response to endotoxins. This may have consequences for myelination under conditions in which microglial activation and cerebral infection are both implicated. , Inc.

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confidence: 98%

Attenuation of proliferation in oligodendrocyte precursor cells by activated microglia

Taylor

Pirianov

Holland

et al. 2010

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…The white matter of these infants is poorly vascularized and contains oligodendrocyte progenitors, which are sensitive to the effects of ischemia and infection. 41 The cortex is usually spared in preterm infants due to meningeal intra-arterial anastomoses, which involute near term. 42 Increased echotexture of the periventricular white matter may represent the early sonographic pattern of periventricular leukomalacia.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neonatal cranial ultrasound: current perspectives

Franco¹,

Lewis²

2013

RMI

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Ultrasound is the most common imaging tool used in the neonatal intensive care unit. It is portable, readily available, and can be used at bedside. It is the least expensive cross sectional imaging modality and the safest imaging device used in the pediatric population due to its lack of ionizing radiation. There are well established indications for cranial ultrasound in many neonatal patient groups including preterm infants and term infants with birth asphyxia, seizures, congenital infections, etc. Cranial ultrasound is performed with basic grayscale imaging, using a linear array or sector transducer via the anterior fontanel in the coronal and sagittal planes. Additional images can be obtained through the posterior fontanel in preterm newborns. The mastoid fontanel can be used for assessment of the posterior fossa. Doppler images may be obtained for screening of the vascular structures. The normal sonographic neonatal cranial anatomy and normal variants are discussed. The most common pathological findings in preterm newborns, such as germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia, are described as well as congenital abnormalities such as holoprosencephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum. New advances in sonographic equipment enable highresolution and three-dimensional images, which facilitate obtaining very accurate measurements of various anatomic structures such as the ventricles, the corpus callosum, and the cerebellar vermis. Limited studies have been performed to predict that longitudinal measurements of these anatomic structures might predict the clinical outcome of high-risk preterm newborns. Hemodynamic Doppler studies may offer the potential for early intervention and treatment to counter the hazards of developmental delay and a moribund clinical outcome.

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“…2 PVL consists of 2 components, that is, focal necrosis with loss of all cellular elements deep in the periventricular white matter and diffuse white matter involvement due to injury to glial cells, presumed to be oligodendroglia progenitors (preoligodendroglia). 2 On MR imaging, the characteristic findings of PVL include volume loss of the white matter, associated with ventriculomegaly with irregular margin, cystic change, periventricular hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, and a thin corpus callosum. 3,4 These are the results of white matter cavitation, loss, and gliosis.…”

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confidence: 99%