Permanent tattooing has no impact on local sweat rate, sweat sodium concentration and skin temperature or prediction of whole-body sweat sodium concentration during moderate-intensity cycling in a warm environment

Béliveau, Jeff; Perreault-Briere, Maxime; Jeker, David; Deshayes, Thomas A.; Durán-Suárez, Ana; Baker, Lindsay B.; Goulet, Eric

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04350-4

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This study investigated the effect of permanently tattooed skin on LSR and sweat electrolyte concentrations during exercise-induced sweating. Overall, there were no differences in LSR, sweat [Na + ], [Cl − ], and [K + ] between tattooed and non-tattooed skin, which is in agreement with previous exercise studies (Beliveau et al 2020;Rogers et al 2019). The CVs between tattooed and non-tattooed skin were 14% for LSR and 5-8% for sweat electrolyte concentrations, which are similar to previous CVs reported for LSR (10-16%) and sweat [Na + ], [Cl − ], and [K + ] (6-10%) on bilateral non-tattooed sites of the arms and torso (Baker et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Taken together, the present study is now the third of its kind showing no or minimal effect of tattoos on LSR or sweat electrolyte concentrations during exercise-induced sweating (Beliveau et al 2020;Rogers et al 2019). The reason for disparate results between exercise and passive sweating studies may be related to mechanisms of sweat gland stimulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…An important distinction between various methods of sweat induction is that LSR is consistently higher during exercise than pilocarpine iontophoresis or passive heating. For example, mean LSR during exercise approximates ≥ 1.0 mg/cm 2 /min (Beliveau et al 2020;Rogers et al 2019;Taylor and Machado-Moreira 2013) whereas LSR was usually much lower than 1.0 mg/cm 2 /min in the recent nonexercise studies (Luetkemeier et al 2020(Luetkemeier et al , 2017. Thus, we included LSR as a factor in the multiple regression analysis to assess the hypothesis that tattoos only impact LSR and sweat electrolyte concentrations at low sweat flow rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, a study that used pilocarpine iontophoresis to stimulate sweating, found significantly lower LSR and higher sweat sodium concentration ([Na + ]) from tattooed skin than contralateral skin without tattoos (Luetkemeier et al 2017). While a follow-up study by the same group also found lower LSR on tattooed skin during passive heating (Luetkemeier et al 2020), other studies have reported no effect of tattoos on LSR or sweat [Na + ] or potassium concentration ([K + ]) during exercise-induced sweating (Beliveau et al 2020;Rogers et al 2019). Potential reasons for the mixed results may be related to the method of sweat stimulation and resultant differences in sweat flow rates, as exercise produces LSRs that are 3-5 times higher than that of pilocarpine iontophoresis and passive heating (Hjortskov et al 1995;Taylor and Machado-Moreira 2013;Vimieiro-Gomes et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies and literature reviews have examined the effect of various methodological (e.g., regional distribution, measurement technique), host (e.g., heat acclimation, sex, body size) and external (e.g., exercise intensity, environment) factors on LSR and sweat electrolyte concentrations (Baker 2017 ; Baker et al 2019 ; Barnes et al 2019 ; Dziedzic et al 2014 ; Smith and Havenith 2012 , 2019 ). However, research regarding the impact of permanently tattooed skin on LSR and electrolyte concentrations is sparse, and results are mixed (Beliveau et al 2020 ; Luetkemeier et al 2017 , 2020 ; Rogers et al 2019 ). Establishing whether tattoos impact sweat outcomes is important since the prevalence of tattoos among physically active individuals, such as athletes (Kluger 2021 ), military (Armstrong et al 2000 ; Laumann and Derick 2006 ), and tradespeople (Heywood et al 2012 ), is relatively high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise

et al. 2022

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Purpose To compare local sweating rate (LSR) and local sweat sodium ([Na+]), chloride ([Cl−]), and potassium ([K+]) concentrations of tattooed skin and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise. Methods Thirty-three recreational exercisers (17 men, 16 women) with ≥ 1 unilateral permanent tattoo on the torso/arms were tested during cycling, running, or fitness sessions (26 ± 4 °C and 54 ± 13% relative humidity). Forty-eight tattoos with a range of ink colors, ages (3 weeks to 20 years), and densities (10–100%) were included. Before exercise, the skin was cleaned with alcohol and patches (3 M Tegaderm + Pad) were placed on the tattooed and contralateral non-tattooed skin. LSR was calculated from sweat mass (0.80 ± 0.31 g), patch surface area (11.9 cm2), and duration (62 ± 14 min). Sweat [Na+], [Cl−], and [K+] were measured via ion chromatography. Results Based on the analysis of variance results, there were no differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for LSR (1.16 ± 0.52 vs. 1.12 ± 0.53 mg/cm2/min; p = 0.51), sweat [Na+] (60.2 ± 23.5 vs. 58.5 ± 22.7 mmol/L; p = 0.27), sweat [Cl−] (52.1 ± 22.4 vs. 50.6 ± 22.0 mmol/L; p = 0.31), or sweat [K+] (5.8 ± 1.6 vs. 5.9 ± 1.4 mmol/L; p = 0.31). Multiple regression analyses suggested that younger tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Na+] (p = 0.045) and colorful tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Cl−] (p = 0.04) compared with contralateral non-tattooed skin. Otherwise, there were no effects of LSR or tattoo characteristics on regression models for LSR or sweat electrolyte concentrations. Conclusion There were no effects of tattoos on LSR and sweat [K+] during exercise-induced sweating, but tattoo age and color had small effects on sweat [Na+] and sweat [Cl−], respectively. Clinical trial identifiers NCT04240951 was registered on January 27, 2020 and NCT04920266 was registered on June 9, 2021.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise

et al. 2022

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No effect of tattoos on local sweat concentrations of select cytokines, cortisol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, or lactate during exercise

Merritt,

Ozga,

De Chavez

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Due to growing interest in the investigation of exercise induced sweat biomarkers to assess an individual’s health and the increasing prevalence of tattoos in the world’s population, investigators sought to determine whether local sweat concentrations and excretion rates of epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin (IL) -1α, IL-6, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and lactate differ between tattooed and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise. Sixteen recreational exercisers [female (50%)] (age = 25–48 years) with ≥ 1 unilateral permanent tattoo [median tattoo age = 6 years, IQR = 5] on the arm/torso completed an outdoor group fitness session. There were no significant differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for sweat EGF, IL-1α, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, BUN, or lactate concentrations. There were no significant differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for sweat EGF, IL-1α, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, BUN, or lactate excretion rate. Findings suggest that permanent tattoos older than 1 year may not impact local sweat EGF, IL-1α, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, BUN, and lactate concentrations or excretion rates during exercise.Clinical trial identifier NCT04920266 was registered on June 9, 2021.

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Sweating Rate and Sweat Chloride Concentration of Elite Male Basketball Players Measured With a Wearable Microfluidic Device Versus the Standard Absorbent Patch Method

Baker

King

Keyes

et al. 2022

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The purpose of this study was to compare a wearable microfluidic device and standard absorbent patch in measuring local sweating rate (LSR) and sweat chloride concentration ([Cl−]) in elite basketball players. Participants were 53 male basketball players (25 ± 3 years, 92.2 ± 10.4 kg) in the National Basketball Association’s development league. Players were tested during a moderate-intensity, coach-led practice (98 ± 30 min, 21.0 ± 1.2 °C). From the right ventral forearm, sweat was collected using an absorbent patch (3M Tegaderm™ + Pad). Subsequently, LSR and local sweat [Cl−] were determined via gravimetry and ion chromatography. From the left ventral forearm, LSR and local sweat [Cl−] were measured using a wearable microfluidic device and associated smartphone application-based algorithms. Whole-body sweating rate (WBSR) was determined from pre- to postexercise change in body mass corrected for fluid/food intake (ad libitum), urine loss, and estimated respiratory water and metabolic mass loss. The WBSR values predicted by the algorithms in the smartphone application were also recorded. There were no differences between the absorbent patch and microfluidic patch for LSR (1.25 ± 0.91 mg·cm−2·min−1 vs. 1.14 ±0.78 mg·cm−2·min−1, p = .34) or local sweat [Cl−] (30.6 ± 17.3 mmol/L vs. 29.6 ± 19.4 mmol/L, p = .55). There was no difference between measured and predicted WBSR (0.97 ± 0.41 L/hr vs. 0.89 ± 0.35 L/hr, p = .22; 95% limits of agreement = 0.61 L/hr). The wearable microfluidic device provides similar LSR, local sweat [Cl−], and WBSR results compared with standard field-based methods in elite male basketball players during moderate-intensity practices.

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Permanent tattooing has no impact on local sweat rate, sweat sodium concentration and skin temperature or prediction of whole-body sweat sodium concentration during moderate-intensity cycling in a warm environment

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise

Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise

No effect of tattoos on local sweat concentrations of select cytokines, cortisol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, or lactate during exercise

Sweating Rate and Sweat Chloride Concentration of Elite Male Basketball Players Measured With a Wearable Microfluidic Device Versus the Standard Absorbent Patch Method

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