Permeability across a Metropolitan Area: Conceptualizing and Operationalizing a Macrolevel Crime Pattern Theory

Groff, Elizabeth R.; Taylor, Ralph B.; Elesh, David; McGovern, Jennifer; Johnson, Lallen T.

doi:10.1068/a45702

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Police officers and scholars equally assume that the threat of immediate incarceration, or at least interdiction, deters offenders. As Durlauf and Nagin write, Bfor criminal decisions, what matters is the subjective probability a potential criminal assigns to apprehension^ (Durlauf and Nagin 2011; see also Groff et al 2014). Yet there has been little attention to operationalizing subjective threat in experimental work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Soft” policing at hot spots—do police community support officers work? A randomized controlled trial

2016

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Objectives To determine whether crime-reduction effects of increased police patrols in hot spots are dependent on the Bhard^threat of immediate physical arrest, or whether Bsoft^patrols by civilian (but uniformed) police staff with few arrest powers and no weapons can also reduce crime. We also sought to assess whether the number of discrete patrol visits to a hot spot was more or less important than the total minutes of police presence across all visits, and whether effects based on counts of crime would be consistent with effects on a Crime Harm Index outcome. Methods We randomly assigned 72 hot spots into 34 treatment units and 38 controls. Treatment consisted of increases in foot patrol by uniformed, unarmed, Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) who carry no weapons and hold few arrest powers beyond those of ordinary citizens. GPS-trackers on every PCSO and Constable in the city yielded precise measurements of all patrol time in all hot spots. Standardized mean differences (Cohen's d), OLS regression model, and Weighted Displacement Quotient are used to assess main effects, to model the interaction effect of GPS data with treatment, and to measure the diffusion-of-benefits of the intervention, respectively. Outcomes included counts of incidents as well as the Cambridge Crime Harm Index. Results As intended, patrol visits and minutes by Police Constables were equal across the treatment and control groups. The sole difference in policing between the treatments groups was in visits to the hot spots by PCSOs, in both the mean daily frequency of discrete visits (T = 4.65, C = 2.66; p ≤ .001) and total minutes across all visits (T = 37.41, J Exp Criminol (2016) 12:277-317 DOI 10.1007/s11292-016-9260-

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Soft” policing at hot spots—do police community support officers work? A randomized controlled trial

2016

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“…Researchers have examined where this convergence occurs at the macro (e.g. regions, communities, neighbourhoods) and micro level (e.g., specific buildings or types of business) (Groff et al, 2014). At both levels, these places can be distinguished as to whether they are crime attractors or crime generators (Pooley and Ferguson, 2017).…”

Section: Thb As a Criminal Opportunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nodes, guardians and signs: Raising barriers to human trafficking in the tourism industry

Paraskevas

Brookes

2018

Tourism Management

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Trafficking in human beings (THB) is a growing criminal activity involving the movement of victims by force or coercion for sexual or labour exploitation. THB is often facilitated unwittingly by tourism businesses. This study sought ways to disrupt the opportunities for THB in the hotel sector through the application of criminology theories. A qualitative study was conducted in three European countries (UK, Finland and Romania), employing semi-structured key stakeholder interviews, a survey of hotel managers and focus groups. Using concepts primarily from crime pattern theory, hotels were confirmed as THB activity spaces and 'crime journeys' were mapped with the nodes where offenders and their victims converge with different 'guardians' (hotel employees and managers). Warning signs and critical intervention points where THB opportunities can be disrupted were also identified. The resulting framework of the trafficked victim's journey can be used by any tourism business wishing to help prevent this crime.

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“…The factors associated with internal permeability that were exercising a positive influence on the crime rate were defined as "accessibility," whereas those having a negative influence were defined as "barrier." According to a study by Groff et al (2014), higher accessibility to the inner cul-de-sac-a sub-factor of permeabilityincreases unexpected crime, and an increase in factors that block visibility hinders criminals' access. In order to study the relationship between the physical factors of the inside of a cul-de-sac and the crime rate, it is necessary to examine the physical factors that affect accessibility and visibility.…”

Section: Literature Review 21 Studies On the Relationship Between Cumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies defined permeability as the number of streets connected to the streets in an area (White, 1990), or as the street network structure identified by analyzing the inner structure of a cul-de-sac and the physical characteristics of the main and surrounding streets (Johnson & Bowers, 2009). In a study that subdivided the permeability factor (Groff et al, 2014), the relationship between the crime rate and a region was examined by dividing permeability into internal and external permeability. The factors associated with internal permeability that were exercising a positive influence on the crime rate were defined as "accessibility," whereas those having a negative influence were defined as "barrier."…”

Section: Literature Review 21 Studies On the Relationship Between Cumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Effect of Cul-de-sacs′ Permeability Factors in Low-Rise Residential Areas on Burglary

Kim

Jung

2017

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

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Only a few studies so far have analyzed specific environmental factors of cul-de-sacs' influence on safety from crime. To understand crime, streets' physical characteristics need to be considered along with the collective sociodemographic characteristics of each region. A model was designed that combines the physical characteristics of cul-de-sacs with the demographic characteristics of neighborhoods to examine the effect of such characteristics on the crime rate in cul-de-sacs. The physical characteristics of cul-de-sacs in a target area were categorized and examined based on connectivity, accessibility, and visibility, in addition to sociodemographic characteristics. A hierarchical linear model was then constructed from the collected data related to connectivity, accessibility, visibility, and sociodemographic characteristics at the neighborhood level. Finally, the results of the analyses were combined to determine their relationship with the crime rate. Except for a few variables, the results are significant for connectivity, visibility, and accessibility, which allows for an explanation of the occurrence of burglaries when sociodemographic factors are additionally accounted for.

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Permeability across a Metropolitan Area: Conceptualizing and Operationalizing a Macrolevel Crime Pattern Theory

Cited by 19 publications

References 54 publications

“Soft” policing at hot spots—do police community support officers work? A randomized controlled trial

“Soft” policing at hot spots—do police community support officers work? A randomized controlled trial

Nodes, guardians and signs: Raising barriers to human trafficking in the tourism industry

Analysis of the Effect of Cul-de-sacs′ Permeability Factors in Low-Rise Residential Areas on Burglary

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