Permittivity extraction of glucose solutions through artificial neural networks and non-invasive microwave glucose sensing

Turgul, Volkan; Kale, I.

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2018.03.041

Cited by 78 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Additionally, at this frequency there is a higher possibility to identify different glucose concentrations of interest due to the small loss introduced (tanδ ~ 0.13). Therefore, sensing at this frequency would probably bring a considerable sensitivity despite the small changes in dielectric properties from one glucose level to another 47 . These variations in dielectric constant and loss tangent are studied for the desired concentrations across the centimeter-band 1-6 GHz using the first order Debye relaxation model proposed in 48 for glucose aquatic solutions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration

Omer

Shaker

Safavi‐Naeini

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

165

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This article presents a novel design of portable planar microwave sensor for fast, accurate, and non-invasive monitoring of the blood glucose level as an effective technique for diabetes control and prevention. The proposed sensor design incorporates four cells of hexagonal-shaped complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), arranged in a honey-cell configuration, and fabricated on a thin sheet of an FR4 dielectric substrate.The CSRR sensing elements are coupled via a planar microstrip-line to a radar board operating in the ISM band 2.4–2.5 GHz. The integrated sensor shows an impressive detection capability and a remarkable sensitivity of blood glucose levels (BGLs). The superior detection capability is attributed to the enhanced design of the CSRR sensing elements that expose the glucose samples to an intense interaction with the electromagnetic fields highly concentrated around the sensing region at the induced resonances. This feature enables the developed sensor to detect extremely delicate variations in the electromagnetic properties that characterize the varying-level glucose samples. The desired performance of the fabricated sensor is practically validated through in-vitro measurements using a convenient setup of Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) that records notable traces of frequency-shift responses when the sensor is loaded with samples of 70–120 mg/dL glucose concentrations. This is also demonstrated in the radar-driven prototype where the raw data collected at the radar receiving channel shows obvious patterns that reflect glucose-level variations. Furthermore, the differences in the sensor responses for tested glucose samples are quantified by applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) machine learning algorithm. The proposed sensor, beside its impressive detection capability of the diabetes-spectrum glucose levels, has several other favorable attributes including compact size, simple fabrication, affordable cost, non-ionizing nature, and minimum health risk or impact. Such attractive features promote the proposed sensor as a possible candidate for non-invasive glucose levels monitoring for diabetes as evidenced by the preliminary results from a proof-of-concept in-vivo experiment of tracking an individual’s BGL by placing his fingertip onto the sensor. The presented system is a developmental platform towards radar-driven wearable continuous BGL monitors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration

Omer

Shaker

Safavi‐Naeini

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2 . This frequency is selected because there is a considerable difference between water, as the main material in interstitial fluid, and saturated glucose solution permittivity while their loss factors are still small, and therefore measuring at this frequency will result in a significant frequency shift and hence the device sensitivity 46 . Also, since loss factor at this frequency is still low for water, the quality factor of the resonator will remain high which is of high significance for high precision measurements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive continuous-time glucose monitoring system using a chipless printable sensor based on split ring microwave resonators

Baghelani

Abbasi

Daneshmand

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

138

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This paper reports a highly sensitive, non-invasive sensor for real-time glucose monitoring from interstitial fluid. The structure is comprised of a chip-less tag sensor which may be taped over the patient’s skin and a reader, that can be embedded in a smartwatch. The tag sensor is energized through the established electromagnetic coupling between the tag and the reader and its frequency response is reflected on the spectrum of the reader in the same manner. The tag sensor consumes zero power as there is no requirement for any active readout or communication circuitry on the tag side. When measuring changes in glucose concentrations within saline replicating interstitial fluid, the sensor was able to detect glucose with an accuracy of ~ 1 mM/l over a physiological range of glucose concentrations with 38 kHz of the resonance frequency shift. This high sensitivity is attained as a result of the proposed new design and extended field concentration on the tag. The impact of some of the possible interferences on the response of the sensor’s performance was also investigated. Variations in electrolyte concentrations within the test samples have a negligible effect on the response of the sensor unless these variations are supra-physiologically large.

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“…The ideal complex permittivity value of different glucose samples was estimated using the Debye model theory equation, expressed as [ 45 ]

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the designed microwave biosensor, the S parameter depends on the inductive coupling that exists between the intertwined air-bridge-type asymmetrical differential spiral inductor lines and capacitive coupling between the circular finger-type inter-digital capacitor lines. The concentrated electric field intensity and penetration depth are two vital factors in achieving high sensitivity while preserving a low sample volume [ 45 , 46 ]. Figure 1 f illustrates the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS)-simulated concentrated electric field intensity at the resonating frequency.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Sensitivity, Quantified, Linear and Mediator-Free Resonator-Based Microwave Biosensor for Glucose Detection

Kumar

Wang

Meng

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This article presents a high-sensitivity, quantified, linear, and mediator-free resonator-based microwave biosensor for glucose sensing application. The proposed biosensor comprises an air-bridge-type asymmetrical differential inductor (L) and a center-loaded circular finger-based inter-digital capacitor (C) fabricated on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrate using advanced micro-fabrication technology. The intertwined asymmetrical differential inductor is used to achieve a high inductance value with a suitable Q-factor, and the centralized inter-digital capacitor is introduced to generate an intensified electric field. The designed microwave sensor is optimized to operate at a low resonating frequency that increases the electric field penetration depth and interaction area in the glucose sample. The microwave biosensor is tested with different glucose concentrations (0.3–5 mg/ml), under different ambient temperatures (10–50 °C). The involvement of advanced micro-fabrication technology effectively miniaturized the microwave biosensor (0.006λ0 × 0.005λ0) and enhanced its filling factor. The proposed microwave biosensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 117.5 MHz/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9987), good amplitude variation of 0.49 dB/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9954), and maximum reproducibility of 0.78% at 2 mg/mL. Additionally, mathematical modelling was performed to estimate the dielectric value of the frequency-dependent glucose sample. The measured and analyzed results indicate that the proposed biosensor is suitable for real-time blood glucose detection measurements.

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Permittivity extraction of glucose solutions through artificial neural networks and non-invasive microwave glucose sensing

Abstract: Permittivity Extraction of Glucose Solutions Through Artificial Neural Networks and Non-invasive Microwave Glucose Sensing Turgul, V. and Kale, I.

Cited by 78 publications

References 17 publications

Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration

Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration

Non-invasive continuous-time glucose monitoring system using a chipless printable sensor based on split ring microwave resonators

High-Sensitivity, Quantified, Linear and Mediator-Free Resonator-Based Microwave Biosensor for Glucose Detection

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