Perovskite‐Based Hybrid Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency with High Reproducibility Using a Thin Film Sandwich Approach

Conings, Bert; Baeten, Linny; Dobbelaere, Christopher De; D’Haen, Jan; Manca, Jean; Boyen, Hans‐Gerd

doi:10.1002/adma.201304803

Cited by 657 publications

(589 citation statements)

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“…In contrast, the perovskite obtained from the reagent solution with PbCl 2 contains both I À and Cl À , giving the more complicated possibility of forming a mixed halide perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 À x Cl x ). Interestingly, in the mixed halide perovskite the exact location and the concentration of the Cl À remains unclear to date, with varying observations by several groups 1,20,[23][24][25][26] . The difficulty of detecting the Cl À in the mixed halide perovskite may partly be because of the detection limit of the techniques used; however, the fact that often only small quantities are observed suggests that the final content in the films may be very low.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the impact of the solution composition on perovskite crystal growth and film formation, and thus on the device performance, is still under scrutiny 20,21 . For example, it is challenging to form a smooth and continuous perovskite film on compact TiO 2 (c-TiO 2 )-coated fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by one-step solution coating of a solution containing lead iodide (PbI 2 ) or lead chloride (PbCl 2 ) blended with methylammonium iodide (CH 3 NH 3 I) 22,23 . A noncontinuous perovskite film is usually obtained, where pinholes can introduce shunting pathways limiting the solar cell performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A noncontinuous perovskite film is usually obtained, where pinholes can introduce shunting pathways limiting the solar cell performance. In addition, although the different electrical and photophysical properties have been observed for the 'mixed halide' perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 À x Cl x as compared with CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (refs 11,12), the existence and role of Cl in mixed halide perovskite are still debatable and the varied results from groups employing different characterization techniques are hard to reconcile 1,20,[23][24][25][26] . We have previously found that by employing a large excess of organic component (CH 3 NH 3 I) much larger crystalline domains can be formed 1 , and smoother films can be created than those processed from a stoichiometric mix of CH 3 NH 3 I and PbI 2 (ref.…”

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Ultrasmooth organic–inorganic perovskite thin-film formation and crystallization for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells

et al. 2015

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To date, there have been a plethora of reports on different means to fabricate organicinorganic metal halide perovskite thin films; however, the inorganic starting materials have been limited to halide-based anions. Here we study the role of the anions in the perovskite solution and their influence upon perovskite crystal growth, film formation and device performance. We find that by using a non-halide lead source (lead acetate) instead of lead chloride or iodide, the perovskite crystal growth is much faster, which allows us to obtain ultrasmooth and almost pinhole-free perovskite films by a simple one-step solution coating with only a few minutes annealing. This synthesis leads to improved device performance in planar heterojunction architectures and answers a critical question as to the role of the anion and excess organic component during crystallization. Our work paves the way to tune the crystal growth kinetics by simple chemistry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Ultrasmooth organic–inorganic perovskite thin-film formation and crystallization for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells

et al. 2015

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“…As mentioned before, simple onestep methods often lead to inhomogeneous coverage of the substrates. [14,[102][103][104] In particular, Eperon et al studied the influence of the TiO 2 underlayer and its impact on perovskite-crystal formation when employing a non-stoichiometric mixture of MAI and PbCl 2 . They concluded that there is an www.advancedsciencenews.com unfavorable interaction between these layers, which leads to the growth of perovskite "pores", largely determined by the thickness of the perovskite film.…”

Section: One-step Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

318

201

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Current record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells based on them has been boosted from initial value of 3.8%, 8 step by step, 16,17,5,[18][19][20][21] to current 22.1%. 22 During this process the breakthrough step is the first solid-state perovskite solar cell designed by Kim et al yielding the PCE exceeding 9%, 16 which triggered significant perovskite solar cell research activities and made PCEs dramatically enhanced within only shortly seven years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Lead-Free Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Solar Cells via Cation-Transmutation

et al. 2017

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Hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites with the prototype material of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 have recently attracted intense interest as low-cost and high-performance photovoltaic absorbers. Despite the high power conversion efficiency exceeding 20% achieved by their solar cells, two key issues -the poor device stabilities associated with their intrinsic material instability and the toxicity due to water soluble Pb 2+ -need to be resolved before large-scale commercialization. Here, we address these issues by exploiting the strategy of cation-transmutation to design stable inorganic Pb-free halide perovskites for solar cells. The idea is to convert two divalent Pb 2+ ions into one monovalent M + and one trivalent M 3+ ions, forming a rich class of quaternary halides in double-perovskite structure. We find through first-principles calculations this class of materials have good phase stability against decomposition and wide-range tunable optoelectronic properties. With photovoltaic-functionality-directed materials screening, we identify eleven optimal materials with intrinsic thermodynamic stability, suitable band gaps, small carrier effective masses, and low excitons binding energies as promising candidates to replace Pb-based photovoltaic absorbers in perovskite solar cells. The chemical trends of phase stabilities and electronic properties are also established for this class of materials, offering useful guidance for the development of perovskite solar cells fabricated with them.

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Perovskite‐Based Hybrid Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency with High Reproducibility Using a Thin Film Sandwich Approach

Cited by 657 publications

References 26 publications

Ultrasmooth organic–inorganic perovskite thin-film formation and crystallization for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells

Ultrasmooth organic–inorganic perovskite thin-film formation and crystallization for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Design of Lead-Free Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Solar Cells via Cation-Transmutation

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