Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics for Artificial Indoor Light Harvesting: A Critical Review

Abstract

Under artificial indoor light, the development of efficient photovoltaics has attracted massive attention due to the revolutionary growth involving the Internet of Things for riding low‐power wireless electronic gadgets. Among the variety of available photovoltaic technologies such as inorganics (i.e., silicon, copper indium gallium selenide, cadmium telluride), organic photovoltaics, and hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites photovoltaics (PPVCs), the PPVCs have been recognized as the most promising PVCs for indoor light energy harvesting applications. This suitability is related to various factors due to its significant absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, remarkable defect tolerance, better optoelectronic properties, and straightforward fabrication process. However, several parameters interconnected to materials, processing conditions, architecture, and indoor characterizations need to be optimized to enhance indoor photovoltaic efficiency, stability, and eco‐friendly nature. This review summarizes the latest research trends on organic–inorganic perovskite material‐based indoor PVCs, including the impact of composition tuning, choice of many practical layers, and device structures on their performance. Various challenges are highlighted to address before these indoor PPVCs are available in the commercial market.

Stabilizing Precursor Solution and Controlling Crystallization Kinetics Simultaneously for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

“…We also compared the highest PCEs reported so far for PSCs, organic photovoltaics (OPV), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a-silicon (a-Si), gallium arsenide (GaAs), copper indium gallium selenium (CIGS), and carbon-based or tin-based single-junction indoor photovoltaic cells in Figure 4g. [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] The 42.43% PCE is the highest value reported so far among all indoor photovoltaic cells. Compared to previously reported perovskite indoor photovoltaic cells (Figure 4h), the higher PCE of the TFFHincorporated cell is mostly attributed to the improved FF.…”

Empowering Indoor Photovoltaics: Stable Lead‐Free Perovskites and Beyond

“…Data extracted from references. [24,33,88] indoor lighting sources. [8,[30][31][32] Perovskite-based ODSCs have shown over 26% PCE under stable simulated solar sources like AM1.5 (100 mW cm À2 ), [12] but this varies with time and place, such as morning versus afternoon sunlight.…”

“…Thus, it is known as a vacancy-ordered perovskite A 3 M 2 ΔX 9 , also labeled with defect-ordered perovskite (A 3 M 2 X 9 ), where A represents monocations (FA, MA, Cs, NH 4, Rb, and K), M is a symbolic representation for Sb and Bi, and X stands for Cl, Br, and I. [24,43] Generally, two polymorphs are reported for A 3 M 2 X 9 , namely zero-dimensional (0D) dimer and two-dimensional (2D) layered phase, as depicted in Figure 4a. As a result, large cations (FA and MA) at A-sites form a dimer phase, while small cations (K and Rb) form a layered phase.…”

“…[13,23] Moreover, their solution-processable nature allows for scalability, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with various device architectures, making them ideal for integration into indoor electronic devices. [24] Extensive reviews of LFHPs have covered various aspects, including bandgap engineering, [25] materials synthesis, [26] dimensionality, [27] and their application in ODSCs, X-Ray detectors, photodetectors, LEDs, and photocatalysis. [25,28] To the best of our knowledge, no study has specifically focused on stable LFHPs or low-toxicity materials in IPV-based applications.…”

“…c) The maximum theoretical indoor power conversion efficiency (iPCE) for various illuminations versus bandgaps. Data extracted from references [24,33,88].…”