Perovskites for photovoltaics: a combined review of organic–inorganic halide perovskites and ferroelectric oxide perovskites

Fan, Zhen; Sun, Kuan; Wang, John

doi:10.1039/c5ta04235f

Cited by 255 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 193 publications

(435 reference statements)

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“…Further increasing the doping concentration beyond 1wt%, however,r esulted in decreasedc onductivity (Figure 1b). [29][30][31] Given that the surfacec overage of the HTL on top of the perovskite film plays an importantr olei np erformance optimi-zation of n-i-p type PSCs, [2,4,10] AFM topographici mageso ft he FAPbI 3 perovskite films with and without PEDOT films were also studied. As shown in Figure 2, PEDOTf ilms with Mo(tfd-COCF 3 ) 3 doping concentration below 1wt% displayed uniform and smooth morphology with root-mean-square (rms) roughness of approximately 3.7 nm, suggesting high miscibility between Mo(tfd-COCF 3 ) 3 and PEDOT.H igher doping concentration caused greater surface roughness (rms roughness > 12 nm) with more pronounced phase-separated domains (Figure2), which can impede the carriert ransport within the film.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Stable Vacuum‐Free‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by a Robust Solution‐Processed Hole Transport Layer

2017

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Here, efficient and stable vacuum-free processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are demonstrated by employing solutionprocessed molybdenum tris-[1-(trifluoroethanoyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)ethane-1,2-dithiolene] (Mo(tfd-COCF ) )-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film as hole transport layer (HTL). Our results indicate that the incorporation of Mo(tfd-COCF ) dopant can induce p-doping through charge transfer from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the PEDOT host to the electron affinity of Mo(tfd-COCF ) , leading to an increase in conductivity by more than three orders of magnitude. With this newly developed p-doped film as HTL in planar heterojunction PSCs, a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 18.47 % can be achieved, which exceeds that of the device with commonly used HTL 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). Taking the advantage of the high conductivity of this doped film, a prominent PCE as high as 15.58 % is also demonstrated even when a large HTL thickness of 220 nm is used. Importantly, the high quality film of this HTL is capable of acting as an effective passivation layer to keep the underlying perovskite layer intact during solution-processed Ag-nanoparticles layer deposition. The resulting vacuum-free PSCs deliver an impressive PCE of 14.81 %, which represents the highest performance ever reported for vacuum-free PSCs. Furthermore, the resulting devices show good ambient stability without encapsulation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Stable Vacuum‐Free‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by a Robust Solution‐Processed Hole Transport Layer

2017

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Perovskites are materials with stoichiometry ABX 3 that crystallize in the well-known structure named for crystallographer Lev Perovski. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Perovskites are materials with stoichiometry ABX 3 that crystallize in the well-known structure named for crystallographer Lev Perovski.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Perovskites are materials with stoichiometry ABX 3 that crystallize in the well-known structure named for crystallographer Lev Perovski. This provides octahedral coordination of every B-site (BX 6 ) and cuboctahedral coordination on the A-site (AX 12 ). In a cubic unit cell centered around an A-type ion, B-type ions occupy the corners, with X-type ions at the centers of all unit cell edges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mix and Match: Organic and Inorganic Ions in the Perovskite Lattice

Gebhardt

Rappe

2018

Advanced Materials

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X-site anions are possible, with only two general requirements that must be fulfilled: i) charge neutrality in the ABX 3 unit (typically, X is a divalent or monovalent anion, hence A and B cations with oxidation states between +1 and +5 can be combined) and ii) the ionic radii of the chosen composition must allow the above coordination, or different phases become more stable. Both of these simple design rules have a certain flexibility.The electronic argument i) can be stretched by allowing the combination of multiple ABX 3 units to form an overall charge neutral unit. For example, this is the case when considering A 2 BB′X 6 or AA′B 2 X 6 systems. Such double perovskite systems are known with B and B′ (A and A′) being the same elemental species (disproportion in oxidation state, e.g., Cs 2 Au + Au 3+ I 6 ) [20] or different ones (e.g., SrBaTi 2 O 6 [21] and SrPbTi 2 O 6 [22] for A-site disproportion or K 2 NbTaO 6 [23] and Bi 2 FeCrO 6 [24] for the B-site). Of course, this concept can also be used to combine three ABX 3 units (e.g., (CaTiO 3 ) n (SrTiO 3 ) l (BaTiO 3 ) m [25-27]) and much more complex stoichiometries with mixed ratios (e.g., (Pb 2 InNbO 6 ) 3/4 (Ba 2 InBiO 6 ) 1/4 [28] or [CaMn 3 3+ ][Mn 3 3+ Mn 4+ ] O 12 ] [29] ). Furthermore, although the bonding character in oxide perovskites is often mainly ionic, some compositions have an increased level of covalency (e.g., halides, sulfides, Bi-and Pbbased oxide perovskites). Thus, the electronic shell configuration and other effects like the steric demands of a metal lonepair will influence the structure and stability of ABX 3 perovskite compounds.In addition, the geometric argument ii) allows for some flexibility. For a perfectly cubic perovskite, the (effective) ionic radii r must fulfill the relation of Goldschmidt's tolerance factor 2( ) 1 A X B X t r r r r = + + = . [30,31] However, perovskites can exist also with t being not ideal, usually in a range of about 0.75 < t < 1.05. [8] Whenever t ≠ 1, the crystal distorts from an ideal cubic lattice, usually in form of off-center displacements, octahedral rotations, or a combination of both. The classification of Glazer [32,33] can be used to describe such distortions from a perfectly cubic perovskite. [34] It is further possible that ABX 3 compounds are stable whose t does not fall into the interval that is required for the perovskite crystal structure. In these cases that are no longer stabilized by deformations and tilting, one observes other phases where the connectivity of BX 6Materials science evolves to a state where the composition and structure of a crystal can be controlled almost at will. Given that a composition meets basic requirements of stoichiometry, steric demands, and charge neutrality, researchers are now able to investigate a wide range of compounds theoretically and, under various experimental conditions, select the constituting fragments of a crystal. One intriguing playground for such materials design is the perovskite structure. While a game of mixing and matching ions has been pla...

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“…By comparison, CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 has a valence band maximum at 5.43 eV. 88 (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , with a valence band maximum at 5.9 eV, is one of the most commonly investigated bismuth-based compounds. 3 Shin et al 77 recently demonstrated that the efficiency of (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 replacing spiro-OMeTAD (2,2 ,7,7 -tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9 -spirobifluorene), an organic hole transport layer commonly used in lead-halide perovskite devices, with PIF8 TAA (poly-indenofluoren-8-triarylamine), which has a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level which is more closely aligned with the valence band maximum of (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 .…”

Section: Contacts and Device Performance For Bismuth-based Photovmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials

et al. 2018

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Bismuth-based compounds have recently gained interest as solar absorbers with the potential to have low toxicity, be efficient in devices, and be processable using facile methods. We review recent theoretical and experimental investigations into bismuth-based compounds, which shape our understanding of their photovoltaic potential, with particular focus on their defect-tolerance. We also review the processing methods that have been used to control the structural and optoelectronic properties of single crystals and thin films. Additionally, we discuss the key factors limiting their device performance, as well as the future steps needed to ultimately realize these new materials for commercial applications.

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Perovskites for photovoltaics: a combined review of organic–inorganic halide perovskites and ferroelectric oxide perovskites

Cited by 255 publications

References 193 publications

Efficient and Stable Vacuum‐Free‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by a Robust Solution‐Processed Hole Transport Layer

Efficient and Stable Vacuum‐Free‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by a Robust Solution‐Processed Hole Transport Layer

Mix and Match: Organic and Inorganic Ions in the Perovskite Lattice

Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials

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