Purpose: Peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 are highly homologous members of the Prx (or Prdx) protein family. Prx1and Prx2 are elevated in several human cancers, and this seems to confer increased treatment resistance and aggressive phenotypes. This study was undertaken to examine the expression profiles of Prx1 and Prx2 in non^small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to test their prognostic value in predicting patient survival. Experimental Design: To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms of Prx1and Prx2 expression in NSCLC, their respective transcript profiles were examined in NSCLC cell lines from the NCI-60 panel Affymetrix database sets, and the promoter compositions of the two genes were investigated using computer-based multiple sequence alignment analyses. Immunohistochemical analyses of Prx1and Prx2 were done on a total of 235 NSCLC specimens with stage I through IV disease. The expression profiles of Prx1and Prx2 in tumor specimens, and their associations with survival, were investigated. Results and Conclusion: The levels of prx1 transcript were higher than those of prx2 in NSCLC cell lines, and the upstream regulatory sequences of the two genes display striking differences. The relative risk of death increased as Prx1 expression levels increased (P = 0.036) in a multivariate Cox model, independent of other clinicopathologic variables associated with survival. No statistically significant correlation was observed between Prx2 and survival. These results suggest that Prx1 may possess unique functions and regulatory mechanisms in NSCLC which are not shared with Prx2, and that Prx1may serve as a new prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in NSCLC.Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancerrelated mortality in the United States and worldwide, with an estimated 213,380 new cases in 2007, lung cancer is expected to kill more than 160,000 Americans this year (1). Non -small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for up to 80% of all lung cancer cases and includes adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and mixed types. The prognosis of patients with lung cancer is poor, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC remains among the lowest of all major human cancers at less than 15%. Studies suggest that conventional therapies may have reached a therapeutic plateau (2). The current challenge is to identify new therapeutic targets and strategies, and to incorporate them into recent treatment regimens with the goal of improving therapeutic gain.