Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation

Wells, Amy Stuart; Crain, Robert L.

doi:10.2307/1170586

Cited by 75 publications

(108 citation statements)

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“…Meta-analysis complements qualitative literature reviews by integrating the findings in a systematic quantitative way, which we will discuss in detail below. Some examples of meta-analyses in education include: coaching effects on SAT scores (Messick and Jungeblut 1981), teacher expectancy effects on student IQ (Raudenbush 1984), school desegregation effects on African-American students (Wells and Crain 1994), and effects of school reform programs on achievement (Borman et al 2003).…”

Section: Overview Of the Meta-analytic Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-Analysis in Higher Education: An Illustrative Example Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Denson

Seltzer

2010

Res High Educ

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The purpose of this article is to provide higher education researchers with an illustrative example of meta-analysis utilizing hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). This article demonstrates the step-by-step process of meta-analysis using a recently-published study examining the effects of curricular and co-curricular diversity activities on racial bias in college students as an example (Denson, Rev Educ Res 79:805-838, 2009). The authors present an overview of the meta-analytic approach and describe a meta-analysis from beginning to end. The example includes: problem specification; research questions; study retrieval and selection; coding procedure; calculating effect sizes; visual displays and summary statistics; conducting HLM analyses; and sensitivity analyses. The authors also offer guidelines and recommendations for improving the conduct and reporting of research which in turn can provide the information necessary for future and more comprehensive meta-analytic reviews.Keywords Meta-analysis Á Effect size Á Random-effects model Á Hierarchical linear modeling Á Moderator analysis While meta-analytic techniques have been available for over a century (see Cooper and Hedges (1994) for a history of meta-analysis), meta-analysis as a method of inquiry for integrating quantitative results from a stream of research began to become popular approximately 30 years ago (Glass 2000). While conducting a meta-analysis can be very time consuming when done properly, advances in computing and statistical software have facilitated conducting literature searches and applying meta-analytic procedures. The purpose of this article is to provide higher education researchers with a pedagogical example of a meta-analysis utilizing hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) 123Res High Educ (2011( ) 52:215-244 DOI 10.1007 more widespread use of meta-analytic methods. In this article, we begin by first providing an overview of the meta-analytic approach. We then provide an example of meta-analysis using Denson's Review of Educational Research (2009) study of the effects of curricular and co-curricular diversity activities on racial bias in college students. Finally, we provide guidelines and recommendations for improving the conduct and reporting of future research. Overview of the Meta-Analytic ApproachPut simply, meta-analysis is a statistical technique of combining the findings of a set of studies that address common research hypotheses (Cooper and Hedges 1994;Lipsey and Wilson 2001). As Glass (1976) defines it, ''meta-analysis refers to the analysis of analyses…the statistical analysis of a large collection of analyses results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings'' (p. 3). Conducting a meta-analysis is much like conducting a primary research study. In a meta-analysis, instead of students or participants being the unit of analysis, the primary studies themselves become the unit of analysis. In meta-analysis, the researcher collects research studies from a particular domain (e.g., studies of the ef...

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Section: Overview Of the Meta-analytic Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-Analysis in Higher Education: An Illustrative Example Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Denson

Seltzer

2010

Res High Educ

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“…Reviews of the research on desegregation and the post high school educational attainment of African-Americans conclude that desegregation has a positive influence on this outcome (Schofield, 1995;Wells, 1995;Wells & Crain, 1994 Loury (1992) found that the proportion of African-American students in one's high school was negatively correlated with the number of years of college completed by a national sample of African-Americans. Also, Armor (1972) reported positive effects of two small, voluntary desegregation programs on college enrollment rates, although in one case a higher college drop-out rate for the formerly desegregated students dissipated this enrollment advantage by the end of the sophomore year.…”

Section: African-american Educational Attainmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent reviews of the long-term outcomes of desegregation (Schofield, 1995;Wells, 1995;Wells & Crain, 1994) also suggest that desegregated African-American students have higher occupational aspirations than their peers who attend segregated schools. For example, Wells and Crain (1994) point out that evidence from three of the four studies on this topic that control variables known to influence occupational attainment and focus on desegregation plans that preclude self-selection supports this conclusion (Dawkins, 1983;Falk, 1978;Gable, Thomspon, & Iwanicki, 1983;Hoelter, 1982).…”

Section: African-american Occupational Aspirations and Attainmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Wells and Crain (1994) point out that evidence from three of the four studies on this topic that control variables known to influence occupational attainment and focus on desegregation plans that preclude self-selection supports this conclusion (Dawkins, 1983;Falk, 1978;Gable, Thomspon, & Iwanicki, 1983;Hoelter, 1982). St.…”

Section: African-american Occupational Aspirations and Attainmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, in the long run, desegregation seems to help break down racial isolation (Braddock & Eitle, 2004;Wells, 1995;Wells & Crain, 1994). For example, African-Americans who attended desegregated schools are more likely to report living in integrated neighborhoods and/or having White social contacts later in life than their segregated peers (Crain & Weisman, 1972;Dawkins, 1991).…”

Section: Adult Social and Professional Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Conundrum of School Desegregation: Positive Student Outcomes and Waning Support

Schofield¹,

Hausmann²

2004

lawreview

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The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision was a landmark in many respects. Most importantly, it overturned the separate but equal doctrine embodied in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), laying the groundwork for massive change in our society. In particular, it laid the basis for dismantling state supported racial segregation in education, housing, and other important areas of life. For social scientists there is another, though less important, reason why the Brown decision was so crucial. It was the first case in which a Supreme Court decision specifically mentioned the input of social science experts (Cook, 1979). Although there is a lack of agreement about how important a role this input played, social scientists were buoyed by the fact that a statement signed by a large number of leading social scientists was cited.

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Equity for Black Americans in precollege science

Atwater¹

2000

Sci. Ed.

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Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Meta-Analysis in Higher Education: An Illustrative Example Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Meta-Analysis in Higher Education: An Illustrative Example Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

The Conundrum of School Desegregation: Positive Student Outcomes and Waning Support

Equity for Black Americans in precollege science

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