Persistence and Genetic Stability of Ebola Virus during the Outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995

Rodrı́guez, Luis L.; Roo, Ann De; Guimard, Yves; Trappier, Sam G.; Sanchez, Anthony; Bressler, David S.; Williams, Alice; Rowe, Alexander K.; Bertolli, Jeanne; Khan, Ali S.; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Peters, C. J.; Nichol, Stuart T.

doi:10.1086/514291

Cited by 283 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Both outbreaks were hospital based and likely the result of single virus introductions into the human population followed by rapid spread between patients, health care workers, and their families. Sequencing of portions of the highly variable glycoprotein (GP) gene from fatal and nonfatal patients at the beginning and end of the Kikwit outbreak found no sequence variation whatsoever (16). In contrast, the recurrent but smaller outbreaks in Gabon were characterized by shorter transmission chains of multiple virus lineages and were epidemiologically and genetically linked to repeated contact with infected nonhuman primates or other mammals scavenged (or hunted) in the nearby forests (18).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences

Carroll

Towner

Sealy

et al. 2013

J Virol

158

129

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Viruses in the Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus genera (family Filoviridae) have been associated with large outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. The first documented cases occurred in primates over 45 years ago, but the amount of virus genetic diversity detected within bat populations, which have recently been identified as potential reservoir hosts, suggests that the filoviruses are much older. Here, detailed Bayesian coalescent phylogenetic analyses are performed on 97 whole-genome sequences, 55 of which are newly reported, to comprehensively examine molecular evolutionary rates and estimate dates of common ancestry for viruses within the family Filoviridae. Molecular evolutionary rates for viruses belonging to different species range from 0.46 ؋ 10 ؊4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year for Sudan ebolavirus to 8.21 ؋ 10 ؊4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year for Reston ebolavirus. Most recent common ancestry can be traced back only within the last 50 years for Reston ebolavirus and Zaire ebolavirus species and suggests that viruses within these species may have undergone recent genetic bottlenecks. Viruses within Marburg marburgvirus and Sudan ebolavirus species can be traced back further and share most recent common ancestors approximately 700 and 850 years before the present, respectively. Examination of the whole family suggests that members of the Filoviridae, including the recently described Lloviu virus, shared a most recent common ancestor approximately 10,000 years ago. These data will be valuable for understanding the evolution of filoviruses in the context of natural history as new reservoir hosts are identified and, further, for determining mechanisms of emergence, pathogenicity, and the ongoing threat to public health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During person-to-person transmission, there appears to be little molecular evolution of the virus (3,16). Initial introduction into the human population is often thought to result from contact with infected carcasses of nonhuman primates or other mammals or direct contact with an infected reservoir host (17)(18)(19)(20)(21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences

Carroll

Towner

Sealy

et al. 2013

J Virol

158

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In prior outbreaks, viral persistence in certain body fluids had been reported during the convalescent period. Ebola virus was isolated in breast milk and semen 15 days and 82 days, respectively, after disease onset during the convalescent phase, and Ebola RNA was detected in urine, feces, tears, and from vaginal fluid 23, 29, 22, and 33 days after disease onset [6,38]. It was also known that ocular manifestations could develop during convalescence, although these findings were only found in a small number of patients and relatively little was known about the nature of these ocular issues [39].…”

Section: Viral Persistencementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Complications of Ebola Virus Infection

2016

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Ebola virus disease is one of the deadliest pathogens known to man, with a mortality rate between 25-90% depending on the species and outbreak of Ebola. Typically, it presents with fever, headache, voluminous vomiting and diarrhea, and can progress to a hemorrhagic illness; neurologic symptoms, including meningoencephalitis, seizures, and coma, can also occur. Recently, an outbreak occurred in West Africa, affecting > 28,000 people, and killing > 11,000. Owing to the magnitude of this outbreak, and the large number (>17,000) of Ebola survivors, the medical and scientific communities are learning much more about the acute manifestations and sequelae of Ebola. A number of neurologic complications can occur after Ebola, such as seizures, memory loss, headaches, cranial nerve abnormalities, and tremor. Ebola may also persist in some immunologically privileged sites, including the central nervous system, and can rarely lead to relapse in disease. Owing to these findings, it is important that survivors are evaluated and monitored for neurologic symptoms. Much is unknown about this disease, and treatment remains largely supportive; however, with ongoing clinical and basic science, the mechanisms of how Ebola affects the central nervous system and how it persists after acute disease will hopefully become more clear, and better treatments and clinical practices for Ebola patients will be developed.

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“…During the later stage of the EVD epidemic, new evidence emerged that EVD can survive in various body fluids during convalescence [68,69] and may result in transmission of infection [70][71][72][73][74][75]. WHO has recently highlighted the potential of the occurrence of EVD flare-ups and disease re-introduction [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of early modelling studies of Ebola virus disease in West Africa

et al. 2017

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SUMMARYPhenomenological and mechanistic models are widely used to assist resource planning for pandemics and emerging infections. We conducted a systematic review, to compare methods and outputs of published phenomenological and mechanistic modelling studies pertaining to the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemics in four West African countries -Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Nigeria. We searched Pubmed, Embase and Scopus databases for relevant English language publications up to December 2015. Of the 874 articles identified, 41 met our inclusion criteria. We evaluated these selected studies based on: the sources of the case data used, and modelling approaches, compartments used, population mixing assumptions, model fitting and calibration approaches, sensitivity analysis used and data bias considerations. We synthesised results of the estimated epidemiological parameters: basic reproductive number (R 0 ), serial interval, latent period, infectious period and case fatality rate, and examined their relationships. The median of the estimated mean R 0 values were between 1·30 and 1·84 in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. Much higher R 0 value of 9·01 was described for Nigeria. We investigated several issues with uncertainty around EVD modes of transmission, and unknown observation biases from early reported case data. We found that epidemic models offered R 0 mean estimates which are country-specific, but these estimates are not associating with the use of several key disease parameters within the plausible ranges. We find simple models generally yielded similar estimates of R 0 compared with more complex models. Models that accounted for data uncertainty issues have offered a higher case forecast compared with actual case observation. Simple model which offers transparency to public health policy makers could play a critical role for advising rapid policy decisions under an epidemic emergency.

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Persistence and Genetic Stability of Ebola Virus during the Outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995

Cited by 283 publications

References 24 publications

Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences

Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences

Neurological Complications of Ebola Virus Infection

A systematic review of early modelling studies of Ebola virus disease in West Africa

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