Persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on lamb's lettuce leaves during plant growth and in washing conditions of minimally-processed salads

Kubina, Sophie; Costa, Damien; Cazeaux, Catherine; Villena, Isabelle; Favennec, Loïc; Razakandrainibe, Romy; Carbona, Stéphanie La

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110085

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The persistence and survival of parasites in soil ( Qorom, et al 2023 ; Falcone et al, 2023 ), vegetables ( Falcone et al, 2023 ) and water ( Kubina et al 2023 ), has been proven. According to these studies, Cryptosporidium survives in lamb’s lettuce for two months and its washing showed limited effectiveness in reducing parasite load and had no impact on the parasite’s survival.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inappropriate practices in cultivation, harvesting and handling pose a significant risk to consumers ( Tefera et al, 2018 ; Temesgen et al, 2022 ). Recent molecular studies demonstrated the persistence in berries of parasites such as Cryptosporidium , Cyclospora , Giardia duodenalis , Entamoeba histolytica , Toxoplasma gondii , Acanthamoeba , Vermamoeba vermiformis , Blastocystis sp., and Echinococcus ( Marques et al, 2020 ; Barlaam et al, 2021 , 2022 ; Trelis et al, 2022 ; Temesgen et al, 2022 ; Moreno-Mesonero et al, 2023 ), highlighting their resistance to washing processes and disinfection ( Temesgen et al, 2022 ; Kubina et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field study of parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens in the Ecuadorian Andes

González-Ramírez,

Djabayan-Djibeyan,

Prato

et al. 2024

F1000Res

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Background: Raw vegetables have been considered vehicles of enteroparasites. South American countries are among the most important exporters of fresh vegetables, including Ecuador, which has a tropical climate and soils rich in organic matter that allow it to harvest throughout the year for sale to different countries. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of the parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens grown in an agricultural area of the Ecuadorian Andes. Methods: A cross-sectional field study was conducted with snowball sampling on 1,416 samples (516 fruits, 488 vegetables, and 412 leafy greens). Each sample were washed with water, and the resulting solution after removing the vegetables, was subjected to 24-hour sedimentation. The concentrated sediment underwent microscopic analysis. Results: The overall positivity for parasitic contamination was 63.4%, with leafy greens having the highest contamination rate (76.9%) (P<0.0001), surpassing vegetables (67.8%) and fruits (48.4%). Cabbage (100%), onions (84%), and strawberries (60.2%) emerged as the most contaminated within their respective groups. Protozoa were more prevalent (49.6%) than helminths (15.5%) (P<0.0001). Blastocystis sp. (33.5%) ranked highest, followed by Eimeria spp. (26.3%), Entamoeba spp. (10.3%), Giardia spp. (8.3%), Balantidium spp. (6.9%), Cryptosporidium spp. (6.6%), Cyclospora spp. (4.4%), Cystoisospora spp. (0.5%), Strongylida (15.5%), and Ascaris spp. (0.4%). Conclusion: The study reveals that vegetables and fruits for human consumption from this area of the Ecuadorian Andes are highly contaminated with various parasites, constituting a possible source of infection for humans and animals in this area, or in non-endemic areas where these products are marketed. The finding emphasizes the need for strict hygienic measures in agricultural crops, which will be properly achieved through the treatment of soil, manure and water used for cultivation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field study of parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens in the Ecuadorian Andes

González-Ramírez,

Djabayan-Djibeyan,

Prato

et al. 2024

F1000Res

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“…C. parvum-infected mammalian hosts, such as humans and cattle, release billions of infective oocysts that are highly resistant to the environment (4, 5). Infective oocysts can be passed from person to person or from animals to humans (6)(7)(8) by direct contact, contaminated drinking water (9), inhaling contaminated dust (10), or eating contaminated food (11). A recent report estimated a global environmental Cryptosporidium sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human dendritic cell interactions with the zoonotic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum result in activation and maturation

Ross,

Hasheminasab,

Conejeros

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Cryptosporidiosis in humans is caused by infection of the zoonotic apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. In 2006, it was included by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the group of the most neglected poverty-related diseases. It is characterized by enteritis accompanied by profuse catarrhalic diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality, especially in children of developing countries under the age of 5 years and in HIV patients. The vulnerability of HIV patients indicates that a robust adaptive immune response is required to successfully fight this parasite. Little is known, however, about the adaptive immune response against C. parvum. To have an insight into the early events of the adaptive immune response, we generated primary human dendritic cells (DCs) from monocytes of healthy blood donors and exposed them to C. parvum oocysts and sporozoites in vitro. DCs are equipped with numerous receptors that detect microbial molecules and alarm signals. If stimulation is strong enough, an essential maturation process turns DCs into unique activators of naïve T cells, a prerequisite of any adaptive immune response. Parasite exposure highly induced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in DCs. Moreover, antigen-presenting molecules (HLA-DR and CD1a), maturation markers, and costimulatory molecules required for T-cell stimulation (CD83, CD40, and CD86) and adhesion molecules (CD11b and CD58) were all upregulated. In addition, parasite-exposed human DCs showed enhanced cell adherence, increased mobility, and a boosted but time-limited phagocytosis of C. parvum oocysts and sporozoites, representing other prerequisites for antigen presentation. Unlike several other microbial stimuli, C. parvum exposure rather led to increased oxidative consumption rates (OCRs) than extracellular acidification rates (ECARs) in DCs, indicating that different metabolic pathways were used to provide energy for DC activation. Taken together, C. parvum-exposed human DCs showed all hallmarks of successful maturation, enabling them to mount an effective adaptive immune response.

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Prevention of foodborne viruses and pathogens in fresh produce and root vegetables

Kwon,

Lim,

Choi

2024

Advances in Food and Nutrition Research

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Persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on lamb's lettuce leaves during plant growth and in washing conditions of minimally-processed salads

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Field study of parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens in the Ecuadorian Andes

Field study of parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens in the Ecuadorian Andes

Human dendritic cell interactions with the zoonotic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum result in activation and maturation

Prevention of foodborne viruses and pathogens in fresh produce and root vegetables

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