Persistence of Atrazine and Alachlor in Ground Water Aquifers and Soil

Schwab, A. P.; Splichal, P. A.; Banks, M. Katherine

doi:10.1007/s11270-005-9037-2

Cited by 57 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Because atrazine is somewhat persistent in soil, with a half-life of 41 to 231 days (Kruger et al 1993), and moderately soluble in water, it can move through soil during irrigation and/or rainfall events and contaminate sediments, surface, and groundwater (Solomon et al 1996;Schwab et al 2006). A summary of atrazine concentrations in aquatic systems (water/sediments) worldwide reported values ranging from less than 0.001 to 1,000 μg/L (Graymore et al 2001), clearly exceeding legislation limits (e.g., 0.1 μg/L in the European Union (EU) 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleanup of atrazine-contaminated soils: ecotoxicological study on the efficacy of a bioremediation tool with Pseudomonas sp. ADP

et al. 2009

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Purpose To mitigate the environmental effects of atrazine, one of the cleanup strategies available is based on the use of atrazine-degrading bacteria. This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a previously developed bioremediation tool for atrazine-contaminated soils (combining bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas sp. ADP, hereafter designated as P. ADP, and biostimulation with citrate) on both soil habitat and retention functions, by performing ecotoxicological tests with standard soil and aquatic species. Materials and methods Soil microcosms (incorporating earthworms, collembolans, and plants) were spiked with three doses of Atrazerba FL, an atrazine commercial formulation: the recommended dose (RD; 2 L/ha), 10×RD and 20×RD to simulate overuse/accidental spills scenarios. The experiment included two main groups of treatments:(1) microcosms sprayed solely with Atrazerba, i.e., nonbioremediated soils (NB) and (2) microcosms sprayed with both Atrazerba and the bioremediation tool (addition of P. ADP plus citrate), i.e., bioremediated soils (B). Control microcosms with no herbicide or P. ADP plus citrate addition were also set up. Besides soil chemical analysis, the following ecotoxicological endpoints were assessed to monitor bioremediation: plant biomass production, earthworm reproduction, microalgae growth (in eluatescollected 5 and 10 days after the bioremediation treatmentand leachates-collected on day seven), and cladoceran reproduction (in soil eluates). Results In NB soils, all Atrazerba doses induced a severe reduction in plant biomass production, and no effects were found for earthworm's reproduction. Eluates and leachates obtained from the NB soils caused deleterious effects on both microalgae growth and cladoceran reproduction. Chemical analysis showed that atrazine degradation was faster in B soils than in the correspondent NB soils. Data from toxicity tests indicated that test organism performance was enhanced in B soils and respective eluates and leachates, compared to the NB samples. In fact, for soils contaminated with 10 and 20×RD Atrazerba doses, plant biomass production was significantly higher in the B soils than in the correspondent NB soils. Regarding the effects of soil bioremediation on the toxicity of soil eluates and leachates, for the soil contaminated with 10 ×RD of Atrazerba, over a 5-day treatment period, both microalgae growth and cladoceran reproduction were significantly higher in water extracts obtained from the B soils when compared with the NB extracts and also similar to the control. By the contrary, for the highest Atrazerba dose tested (20×RD), no significant differences were found on the toxicity of B and NB eluates toward both aquatic test organisms. However, for this same dose, after 7 days, microalgae growth was higher in B than in the NB leachates and similar to the control. Yet, after a longer bioremediation period of 10 days, eluates were also no longer toxic to both aquatic organisms. Discussion Based on atrazine soil chemical analysis, one can state that the addition ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleanup of atrazine-contaminated soils: ecotoxicological study on the efficacy of a bioremediation tool with Pseudomonas sp. ADP

et al. 2009

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“…The results of this study showed that microbes able to degrade atrazine occur in the drilling site sediments collected from the groundwater recharge area, but the microbial atrazine degradation ceased at high concentrations. Therefore, microbial atrazine degradation may be limited during water run-off through the deep vadose zone sediments into the groundwater, though atrazine dissipation in flowing water has been greater than in stagnant water [41]. The interactions of atrazine and particles in the water phase appeared to be strong, in addition to the adsorption to sediments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonication Effects on Atrazine Dissipation in Vadose Zone Sediment Slurries

Kerminen

Kontro

2017

Environments

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Herbicide atrazine easily leaches to groundwater, where it is persistent. We studied whether sonication accelerates atrazine dissipation (100 mg·L −1 ) in vadose zone sediment slurries. Sediments were from 11.3 to 14.6 m depths in an atrazine-contaminated groundwater area. The slurries and autoclave-sterilized slurries were sonicated (bath, 43 kHz, 320 W) for 0, 5, 10, 20, or 30 min once/twice a day, and atrazine concentrations were followed. Atrazine concentrations raised in the sterilized slurries sonicated twice a day for 10 min (86.0 ± 7.7 mg·L −1 ), while they remained low in the slurries (56.6 ± 10.9 mg·L −1 ) due to microbial degradation. Twice a day sonications for 20-30 min did not enhance microbial atrazine degradation. Chemical dissipation may have occurred in the sterilized slurries sonicated twice a day for 30 min. However, sonication did not decrease atrazine concentrations below those in the non-sonicated slurries (55.1 ± 7.8 mg·L −1 ) and sterilized slurries (67.1 ± 7.9 mg·L −1 ). Atrazine concentrations in the sterilized slurries were higher than in the slurries, indicating changes in sediment structure and adsorption due to autoclaving. Sonication parameters needed for releasing atrazine from interactions with particles may be close to those damaging microbial cells. This suggests difficulties in enhancing microbial atrazine degradation by sonication, though chemical degradation can be enhanced.

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“…Schwab et al (2006) have demonstrated that the degradation of atrazine in water was two to five times faster if the samples were incubated with sufficient oxygen. The addition of carbon and nitrogen also influences the degradation (2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Atrazine Removal by Free and ImmobilizedArthrobacterSp. HB-5 in Soil and Wastewater

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2010

Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal

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In an attempt to remove atrazine in situ, high-efficiency atrazine-degrading Arthrobacter sp. strain and HB-5 immobilized on sodium alginate were introduced into two atrazine-polluted soils that are representative of soils in North China. Soil and wastewater with and without (controls) HB-5 or immobilized HB-5 were incubated at 25 • C after the addition of atrazine. Soil samples were collected after 0 d, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d, and 13 d, and wastewater samples were collected after 0 d, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d. The residual atrazine was extracted from each sample and detected using gas chromatography. The half-life of the atrazine in the in soil samples was less than 3 d, and less than 7 d in the wastewater samples, treated with HB-5 or with immobilized HB-5. The immobilized HB-5 appears to exhibit better self-protection than the free bacteria at different pHs, and its ability to degrade atrazine was less affected by different conditions. Thus, in practice, immobilized HB-5 is better suited to incubations longer than 7 days because of its good adaptability. Both HB-5 and immobilized HB-5 exhibited better degradation of atrazine under conditions similar to the optimal living conditions of HB-5 than under other conditions. A small part of atrazine was removed by adsorption of organic matters, too. This study demonstrates the usefulness of these microorganisms in the bioremediation of soil and water systems polluted with triazine herbicides.

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Persistence of Atrazine and Alachlor in Ground Water Aquifers and Soil

Cited by 57 publications

References 58 publications

Cleanup of atrazine-contaminated soils: ecotoxicological study on the efficacy of a bioremediation tool with Pseudomonas sp. ADP

Cleanup of atrazine-contaminated soils: ecotoxicological study on the efficacy of a bioremediation tool with Pseudomonas sp. ADP

Sonication Effects on Atrazine Dissipation in Vadose Zone Sediment Slurries

Enhancement of Atrazine Removal by Free and ImmobilizedArthrobacterSp. HB-5 in Soil and Wastewater

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