Persistence of enteric bacteria in alluvial streams

Jamieson, Rob; Joy, Douglas M.; Lee, H; Kostaschuk, Ray; Gordon, Robert J.

doi:10.1139/s04-001

Cited by 59 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This could be because the RNAbased methods are more sensitive in detecting changes in active microbial populations. These observations are consistent with the properties of the sewage community, where the inactive bacterial DNA could persist in the environment for prolonged periods of time (29). Likewise in the unamended tropical soil-derived microcosms, there were more phyla with significantly lower richness in the RNA communities than in the PCR-DNA communities (see Table S4).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

PCR Amplification-Independent Methods for Detection of Microbial Communities by the High-Density Microarray PhyloChip

DeAngelis

Beller

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Environmental microbial community analysis typically involves amplification by PCR, despite well-documented biases. We have developed two methods of PCR-independent microbial community analysis using the high-density microarray PhyloChip: direct hybridization of 16S rRNA (dirRNA) or rRNA converted to doublestranded cDNA (dscDNA). We compared dirRNA and dscDNA communities to PCR-amplified DNA communities using a mock community of eight taxa, as well as experiments derived from three environmental sample types: chromium-contaminated aquifer groundwater, tropical forest soil, and secondary sewage in seawater. Community profiles by both direct hybridization methods showed differences that were expected based on accompanying data but that were missing in PCR-amplified communities. Taxon richness decreased in RNA compared to that in DNA communities, suggesting a subset of 20% in soil and 60% in groundwater that is active; secondary sewage showed no difference between active and inactive populations. Direct hybridization of dscDNA and RNA is thus a viable alternative to PCR-amplified microbial community analysis, providing identification of the active populations within microbial communities that attenuate pollutants, drive global biogeochemical cycles, or proliferate disease states.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

PCR Amplification-Independent Methods for Detection of Microbial Communities by the High-Density Microarray PhyloChip

DeAngelis

Beller

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…E. coli densities increased as these streams neared the outfalls and recreational beaches and remained relatively high throughout the warm season. The transport of bacteria from creek sediment to the water can be high even during base flow (21), which highlights a large potential source of indicator bacteria for downstream areas. During weekly monitoring in 2001, there was a significant correlation between stream and beach water E. coli concentrations at the Dunes Creek outfall (R ϭ 0.67; P Ͻ 0.005; 16 df).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of the Watershed-Wide Distribution of Escherichia coli along Southern Lake Michigan: an Integrated Approach

Whitman

Nevers

Byappanahalli

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Recent research has highlighted the occurrence of Escherichia coli in natural habitats not directly influenced by sewage inputs. Most studies on E. coli in recreational water typically focus on discernible sources (e.g., effluent discharge and runoff) and fall short of integrating riparian, nearshore, onshore, and outfall sources. An integrated "beachshed" approach that links E. coli inputs and interactions would be helpful to understand the difference between background loading and sewage pollution; to develop more accurate predictive models; and to understand the differences between potential, net, and apparent culturable E. coli. The objective of this study was to examine the interrelatedness of E. coli occurrence from various coastal watershed components along southern Lake Michigan. The study shows that once established in forest soil, E. coli can persist throughout the year, potentially acting as a continuous non-point source of E. coli to nearby streams. Yearround background stream loading of E. coli can influence beach water quality. E. coli is present in highly variable counts in beach sand to depths just below the water table and to distances at least 5 m inland from the shore, providing a large potential area of input to beach water. In summary, E. coli in the fluvial-lacustrine system may be stored in forest soils, sediments surrounding springs, bank seeps, stream margins and pools, foreshore sand, and surface groundwater. While rainfall events may increase E. coli counts in the foreshore sand and lake water, concentrations quickly decline to prerain concentrations. Onshore winds cause an increase in E. coli in shallow nearshore water, likely resulting from resuspension of E. coli-laden beach sand. When examining indicator bacteria source, flux, and context, the entire "beachshed" as a dynamic interacting system should be considered.The use of Escherichia coli as an indicator of sewage contamination has in recent years become increasingly controversial. It has been argued that the reliability of this bacterium as an indicator of recent sewage contamination is compromised by its persistence and common occurrence in nature (14, 42); its capacity to resuscitate or grow under selected conditions (31, 33); the length of analysis time required, leading to inadequate predictability (38); and differential survival rates with variations in light, substrate, salinity, and predatory community (4,15,24,25). Lack of host or geographic specificity (17) may explain problems in identifying an E. coli contamination source. While many scientists agree that its presence in high densities suggests recent human or animal pollution, moderate to low densities of E. coli are more problematic for ascertaining pollution, and substantial effort and capital are spent to search for causes (of beach closures) when solutions are typically unclear.For indicator bacteria, point source contributions are generally more straightforward than non-point sources, natural inputs, or seasonal effects. Beach closures are a familiar example of...

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“…Bacterial pathogen survival in the environment depends on many factors [16], but mainly temperature [17]. Canadian compost standards, for example, stipulate that 55 • C should be maintained for at least 3-15 d to ensure pathogen inactivation [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Pathogen Occurrence and Persistence in Livestock Mortality Biopiles

2017

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Abstract:Properly managed biopiles can be used for slaughterhouse-residual degradation and bacterial pathogen inactivation, which otherwise represent a major health risk in the environment. Biopiles were used to dispose of slaughterhouse-residuals and determine the occurrence and persistence patterns of indicators of pathogenic bacteria. The indicator bacteria included the family Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli, and Streptococcus fecalis. The slaughterhouse-residual biopiles remained static for 164 d in 2006 and 141 d in 2007. In biopile effluent samples, exponentially decreasing populations of the indicator bacteria were observed. Indicator bacteria presence in biopile and soil samples suggested their retention and persistence in, but not migration from, the media. Though the family Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli shared behavioral correlations, they exhibited different fates in all media compared to S. fecalis, which was observed to persist and re-grow. The behavior of inoculated nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli suggested that inactivation was the primary process in the biopiles. However, the biopiles constituted continual sources of the indicator bacteria due to their persistence in isolated and protected locations, and changes in dominant species. While biopiling slaughterhouse-residuals was effective to inactivate >99% (log reductions) of indicator bacteria, tertiary methods and biopiling phases should be employed to ensure inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in animal waste biopiles. The fate of bacterial indicators in this system exhibited trends not-as-yet observed for animal waste biopiling activities, which generates numerous questions for further research.

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Persistence of enteric bacteria in alluvial streams

Cited by 59 publications

References 31 publications

PCR Amplification-Independent Methods for Detection of Microbial Communities by the High-Density Microarray PhyloChip

PCR Amplification-Independent Methods for Detection of Microbial Communities by the High-Density Microarray PhyloChip

Examination of the Watershed-Wide Distribution of Escherichia coli along Southern Lake Michigan: an Integrated Approach

Bacterial Pathogen Occurrence and Persistence in Livestock Mortality Biopiles

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