Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in infected chickens: feather as a suitable sample for diagnosis

Busquets, Núria; Abad, F. Xavier; Alba, Anna; Dolz, Roser; Allepuz, Alberto; Rivas, Raquel; Ramis, Antonio; Darji, Ayub; Majó, Natàlia

doi:10.1099/vir.0.021592-0

Cited by 37 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…41 Similarly, feather pulp of infected chickens was a potential sample for detection of H7N1 HPAI virus. 4 However, little was known about the type and stage of growth of feathers that can be used as a sample for detection of H5N1 HPAI virus in both chickens and ducks. Moreover, there was no information on the use of feathers for diagnosis of Indonesian H5N1 HPAI viruses, which reportedly cause less severe disease in ducks than other strains of the virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,31 It is likely that other HPAI viruses would also exhibit tropism for feather structures, and therefore would be detectable in feather samples. 4 However, for LPAI viruses, which generally do not replicate systemically, swabs would remain the preferred sample for detection of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39 Similar results were found with H7N1 HPAI virus in chickens, where the viral titer in feather pulp was higher than in swabs. 4 For diagnostic purposes, feathers also have advantages over other sample types in that they are easy to collect, and their collection is minimally invasive. 5,6 Earlier findings suggest that feathers are a potential candidate as an alternative sample for the diagnosis of H5N1 HPAI virus infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs have been widely used for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAI virus) in birds. Previous studies have shown that the feather calamus is a site of H5N1 virus replication and therefore has potential for diagnosis of avian influenza. However, studies characterizing the value of feathers for this purpose are not available, to our knowledge; herein we present a study investigating feathers for detection of H5N1 virus. Ducks and chickens were experimentally infected with H5N1 HPAI virus belonging to 1 of 3 clades (Indonesian clades 2.1.1 and 2.1.3, Vietnamese clade 1). Different types of feathers and oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were compared by virus isolation. In chickens, virus was detected from all sample types: oral and cloacal swabs, and immature pectorosternal, flight, and tail feathers. During clinical disease, the viral titers were higher in feathers than swabs. In ducks, the proportion of virus-positive samples was variable depending on viral strain and time from challenge; cloacal swabs and mature pectorosternal feathers were clearly inferior to oral swabs and immature pectorosternal, tail, and flight feathers. In ducks infected with Indonesian strains, in which most birds did not develop clinical signs, all sampling methods gave intermittent positive results; 3-23% of immature pectorosternal feathers were positive during the acute infection period; oropharyngeal swabs had slightly higher positivity during early infection, while feathers performed better during late infection. Our results indicate that immature feathers are an alternative sample for the diagnosis of HPAI in chickens and ducks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

et al. 2015

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“…Related studies of survival of low-pathogenicity avian influenza or HPAI viruses in tissues employed muscle tissue samples for analysis, although those studies used different protocols (16,17,25,26). The selection of muscle tissues is reasonable because infective muscle tissues of avian carcasses can be targeted by scavenging birds or mammals, which may transmit the virus to other places.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional factors, such as ammonia exposure (11), contamination status (12,13,14), and the virus strain (6,15), have been proposed. But, curiously, few studies have considered the survival of HPAI virus in tissues, such as the carcass of or tissues derived from infected birds (6,16,17). As for HPAI H5N1 virus, only our previous work has investigated the survival of the virus in duck feathers (18).…”

Section: Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Tissues Derived from Experimentally Infected Chickens

Yamamoto

Nakamura

Mase

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a severe threat to the poultry industry since its emergence in 1996. The carcass or tissues derived from infected birds may present the risk of the virus spreading to humans, animals, and the surrounding environment. In this study, we investigated the survival of the virus in feather, muscle, and liver tissues collected from six chickens (Gallus gallus) experimentally infected with HPAI H5N1 virus. The tissues were stored at ϩ4°C or ϩ20°C, and viral isolation was performed at different times for 360 days. The maximum periods for viral survival were observed in samples stored at ϩ4°C in all tissue types and were 240 days in feather tissues, 160 days in muscle, and 20 days in liver. The viral infectivity at ϩ20°C was maintained for a maximum of 30 days in the feather tissues, 20 days in muscle, and 3 days in liver. The viral inactivation rates partly overlapped in the feather and muscle tissues at the two temperatures. The virus was inactivated rapidly in the liver. Our experimental results indicate that the tissue type and temperature can greatly influence the survival of HPAI H5N1 virus in the tissues of infected chickens.IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype can cause massive losses of poultry, and people need to handle a large number of chicken carcasses contaminated with the virus at outbreak sites. This study evaluated how long the virus can keep its infectivity in the three types of tissues derived from chickens infected with the virus. Our experimental results indicate that the virus can survive in tissues for a specific period of time depending on the tissue type and temperature. Our results are valuable for better understanding of viral ecology in the environment and for reducing the risk of the virus spreading via bird tissues contaminated with the virus.KEYWORDS chicken, H5N1 subtype, influenza A virus, survival, tissue S ince its emergence in 1996, Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a severe threat to the poultry industry in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (1, 2). In 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5 virus, with a hemagglutinin gene derived from Eurasian HPAI H5N1 virus, was introduced into North America (3). In total, 42 million chickens and 7.5 million turkeys were destroyed during outbreaks in the United States in 2014 to 2015 (4). HPAI H5N1 virus has also become a public health concern, and 907 human cases with a case fatality rate of 53.3% due to avian origin H5N1 influenza virus infection were reported during 1997 to 2015 (5). In particular, 82.5% of these human cases had a history of exposure to poultry prior to disease manifestation (5).Experimental studies have been performed to elucidate the survival of the avian influenza virus in the environment, using various media such as distilled water, environmental water, and bird feces (6, 7). Temperature, pH, and salinity are factors that greatly influence viral survival (8, 9, 10). A...

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Avian Influenza Virus Sample Types, Collection, and Handling

Killian¹

2020

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in infected chickens: feather as a suitable sample for diagnosis

Cited by 37 publications

References 45 publications

A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

Survival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Tissues Derived from Experimentally Infected Chickens

Avian Influenza Virus Sample Types, Collection, and Handling

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