Persistence ofMetarhizium flavovirideand Consequences for Biological Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts

Thomas, Matthew B.; Wood, Simon N.; Langewald, J.; Lomer, C. J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199701)49:1<47::aid-ps471>3.0.co;2-o

Cited by 44 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Previous studies have used similar combinations of population modelling and field trial data to improve understanding of the use of other biological control agents against insect crop pests (Thomas, Langewald & Wood 1996; Langewald et al . 1997; Thomas et al . 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal application strategies for entomopathogenic nematodes: integrating theoretical and empirical approaches

Fenton

Gwynn²,

Gupta³

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary1. The nematode Steinernema feltiae has been developed commercially as a biocontrol agent and is successful in controlling sciarid flies in mushroom houses. We used a simple model developed in parallel with a series of field trials, to optimize the application strategy of the nematode. 2. The first field trial provided life-history parameter estimates for both the sciarid flies and the nematodes and showed there to be substantial levels of nematode recycling, leading to high levels of control. Crucially, the field trial showed that by splitting the application into two, and applying half the nematodes at day 0 and half at day 7, the overall number of nematodes (dose) could be substantially reduced from currently recommended levels without sacrificing control success. 3. The model confirmed that there should be a benefit in splitting the dose, if the second application is timed to coincide with the peak in numbers of highly susceptible sciarid larvae. Importantly, the model provided insight into the dynamics of the sciarid larvae, even though the original data set only recorded adult fly numbers. 4. Using a split dose, optimally timed, the model suggested that total doses could be reduced by up to 75% and still achieve control comparable to that found with currently recommended dosages. The timing of the second application of nematodes was crucial in determining the level of control. 5. The model predictions were validated against a second independent field trial with considerably lower fly densities. Even under these different conditions, the predictions were accurate, indicating the robustness of the modelling approach. 6. To date models have rarely provided genuine practical advice to applied agriculturists and biocontrol practitioners. This study shows how a simple model developed in parallel with replicated field trials leads to a better understanding of the biological processes underlying successful control, resulting in improvements in recommended application strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal application strategies for entomopathogenic nematodes: integrating theoretical and empirical approaches

Fenton

Gwynn²,

Gupta³

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Ecology

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“…In addition to production constraints, entomopthogenic fungi have to compete against chemical insecticides and require several applications during the crop cycle (Yendol and Roberts 1970). They also need to be comparable in terms of efficacy, achieving mortality rates higher than 80 % under field conditions (Thomas et al 1997). …”

Section: Bb 9002 Bb 9205mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) upon the Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Under Field Conditions

Rosa

Alatorre

Barrera

et al. 2000

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“…It is effective against all the major acridid pest species; ®rst observable mortality in the ®eld generally occurs 7±10 days after application, and the full effects are seen 14±18 days after application . Field studies measured half-life of the fungal spores as 6.8 days in north Benin, varying from 2 to 12 days in other environments (Thomas et al, 1997a). In Niger, there was almost no loss in ef®cacy after 21 days; in fact, Metarhizium provided season-long control, while plots treated with the chemical standard, fenitrothion, were re-invaded after 15 days .…”

Section: Fungi As Microbial Control Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of strategies for the incorporation of biological pesticides into the integrated management of locusts and grasshoppers

Lomer¹

1999

Agric Forest Ent

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1 Effective biological pesticides based on oil formulation of deuteromycete fungal spores have been developed for use against locusts and grasshoppers. The isolate IMI 330189 of Metarhizium anisopliae (¯avoviride) var. acridum has been registered, extensively ®eld tested and its operating characteristics explored. It should form an powerful component technology in the integrated management of locust and grasshopper pests. 2 The particular advantages of Metarhizium anisopliae were found to be ef®cacy and persistence, low vertebrate toxicity, little environmental impact, conservation of natural enemies and potential for recycling. Additional socio-economic advantages include the possibility of local production, ease of disposal and versatility in use. The principal disadvantages relate to operating characteristics such as slower speed of kill and slightly greater lability in storage than chemical pesticides. 3 Strategies are being developed to integrate biological control agents into locust and grasshopper management schemes; for Metarhizium the accent is placed on: (i) treating the pest before it invades crops and (ii) situations with a high premium on environmental issues. 4 For some pest situations, fast-acting chemical pesticides will still be necessary for crop protection. 5 A cheaper biological agent, such as Nosema locustae, with the capacity to persist in the pest insect population would be useful. Research is recommended on the long-term impact of Nosema in Africa. 6 An evaluation of the utility of the manual destruction of egg pods leads to the conclusion that we should consider the possibility of importing egg parasitoids, such as Scelio parvicornis from Australia, into Africa. 7 Further development work is needed to clarify the economics and politics of locust and grasshopper control; to improve the regulatory framework for biopesticides; to inform key decision makers of the availability and potential of Metarhizium; and to implement the bio-intensive IPM strategies described.

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Persistence ofMetarhizium flavovirideand Consequences for Biological Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts

Cited by 44 publications

References 16 publications

Optimal application strategies for entomopathogenic nematodes: integrating theoretical and empirical approaches

Optimal application strategies for entomopathogenic nematodes: integrating theoretical and empirical approaches

Effect of <I>Beauveria bassiana</I> and <I>Metarhizium anisopliae</I> (Deuteromycetes) upon the Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Under Field Conditions

Development of strategies for the incorporation of biological pesticides into the integrated management of locusts and grasshoppers

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