Persistence of Memory for Ignored Lists of Digits: Areas of Developmental Constancy and Change

Cowan, Nelson; Nugent, Lara; Elliott, Emily M.; Saults, J. Scott

doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2546

Cited by 43 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Selon le modèle TBRS, la capacité de la mémoire de travail dépend principalement de trois facteurs. Le premier facteur concerne le changement développemental dans la vitesse de déclin mémoriel et il a été étudié, par exemple, par Cowan et al (2000). Le but de cet article était donc de discuter de l'impact de deux autres facteurs.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Le développement de la mémoire de travail : perspectives dans le cadre du modèle de partage temporel des ressources

Camos

Barrouillet²

2014

Psychologie Française

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Le développement de la mémoire de travail : perspectives dans le cadre du modèle de partage temporel des ressources

Camos

Barrouillet²

2014

Psychologie Française

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“…This finding reinforces the conclusion that sufficient sensory memory was available at short test delays so that performance limits were not due to sensory memory decay. Also, Cowan et al (2000) found that, with the list length equal to a predetermined span for each individual, there was no overall age difference in the loss of information across test delays. (There was a difference at the final serial position but it was not enough to result in a significant age difference in list-wide decay.)…”

Section: Memory For Ignored Speechmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For unattended auditory sequences, the acoustic memory record persists for a number of seconds (Cowan et al, 1990(Cowan et al, , 2000Darwin et al, 1972;Glucksberg & Cowen, 1970;Norman, 1969). If the focus of attention could repeatedly access that record, it would be difficult to explain the limit to about 4 items recalled from unattended lists (Cowan, 2001;Cowan et al, 1999).…”

Section: Assumption 3: Single Iteration Of Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a series of experiments (Cowan, Lichty, & Grove, 1990;Cowan, Nugent, Elliott, Ponomarev, & Saults, 1999;Cowan, Nugent, Elliott, & Saults, 2000) we have examined memory for spoken lists that were ignored while a silent, visual task requiring phonological processing was carried out. This sort of task serves the same purpose as memory for the ignored channel in selective listening (Glucksberg & Cowen, 1970;Norman, 1969) except that it avoids the problem of acoustic masking between channels.…”

Section: Memory For Ignored Speechmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cowan et al (1999Cowan et al ( , 2000 found pronounced bow-shaped serial position functions in memory for ignored speech, so sensory memory for even the early serial positions seemed to remain available at the time of list-recall testing. Cowan et al (2000) examined the serial position effects across test delays and found severe forgetting of information from both the primacy and the recency portions of the list, in contrast to the stability of primacy effects across test delays that is found for attended lists (Jahnke, 1968). This finding reinforces the conclusion that sufficient sensory memory was available at short test delays so that performance limits were not due to sensory memory decay.…”

Section: Memory For Ignored Speechmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes

Cowan

Elliott

Saults

et al. 2005

Cognitive Psychology

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992

1,051

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Working memory (WM) is the set of mental processes holding limited information in a temporarily accessible state in service of cognition. We provide a theoretical framework to understand the relation between WM and aptitude measures. The WM measures that have yielded high correlations with aptitudes include separate storage and processing task components, on the assumption that WM involves both storage and processing. We argue that the critical aspect of successful WM measures is that rehearsal and grouping processes are prevented, allowing a clearer estimate of how many separate chunks of information the focus of attention circumscribes at once. Storage-and-processing tasks correlate with aptitudes, according to this view, largely because the processing task prevents rehearsal and grouping of items to be recalled. In a developmental study, we document that several scope-of-attention measures that do not include a separate processing component, but nevertheless prevent efficient rehearsal or grouping, also correlate well with aptitudes and with storage-andprocessing measures. So does digit span in children too young to rehearse. Keywordsworking memory; short-term memory; individual differences; variation in working memory; cholastic abilities; intellectual abilities; attention; capacity; storage capacity Baddeley and Hitch (1974) highlighted a key theoretical construct, working memory (WM), which can be described generally as the set of mechanisms capable of retaining a small amount of information in an active state for use in ongoing cognitive tasks (though it now means Research on WM suggests that the measures used most often to examine individual differences have both strengths and weaknesses. A main type of strength is their strong correlation with intellectual aptitude tests, and a main type of weakness is the difficulty encountered in analyzing and interpreting WM test results. This difficulty stems largely from the reliance on dual tasks in the measurement of WM capacity (which include separate storage and processing task components). We will argue that the research literature provides hints that the strengths can be retained without using storage-and-processing measures. We will offer a theoretical framework for doing so, and for measuring WM in a more meaningful way than is found with current measurement practices. The theoretical framework is based on the notion of an adjustable attentional focus and on measures of the storage capacity of attention or its scope. The predictions tested in the present article pertain to the scope of attention, whereas the adjustable nature of the focus allows consistency with other highly relevant research (e.g., Kane, Bleckley, Conway, & Engle, 2001).We do not judge the success of this endeavor by whether storage-and-processing measures or the proposed alternative, scope-of-attention measures, pick up more variance in aptitude tasks.Rather, success will be judged by whether the variance that is picked up contributes to our understanding of the processes underlyi...

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Short‐Term and Working Memory in Childhood

Cowan

2013

The Wiley Handbook on the Development of Children's Memory

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Persistence of Memory for Ignored Lists of Digits: Areas of Developmental Constancy and Change

Cited by 43 publications

References 37 publications

Le développement de la mémoire de travail : perspectives dans le cadre du modèle de partage temporel des ressources

Le développement de la mémoire de travail : perspectives dans le cadre du modèle de partage temporel des ressources

On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes

Short‐Term and Working Memory in Childhood

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