Persistence of negative priming: II. Evidence for episodic trace retrieval.

Neill, Wilfred T.; Valdes, Leslie A.; Terry, Kathleen M.; Gorfein, David S.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.993

Cited by 340 publications

(503 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Importantly, this nogo effect occurred irrespective of task type (i.e., Individual and Joint go/nogo tasks). These findings suggest the involvement of an inhibitory response tag process (Neill, Valdes, Terry, & Gorfein, 1992) in the Joint as well as in the Individual go/nogo task, which implies that similar processing mechanisms are involved in both task types. In nogo trials, for example, inhibitory response tags with respect to position information seem to be attached to either the stimulus or response code.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Trial-to-trial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task

Liepelt

Wenke

Fischer

et al. 2010

Psychological Research

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Recent research has shown that joint-action effects in a social Simon task provide a good index of action co-representation. The present study aimed to specify the mechanisms underlying joint action by considering trial-to-trial transitions. Using non-social stimuli, we assigned a Simon task to two participants. Each was responsible for only one of two possible responses. This task was performed alone (Individual go/nogo task) and in cooperation with another person who was sitting alongside (Joint go/nogo task). As a further control task, we added a Standard Simon task. Replicating previous findings (Sebanz et al. in Cognition 88:B11-B21, 2003), we found no spatial compatibility effect in the Individual go/nogo task but we did find one in the Joint go/nogo task. A more detailed analysis showed that a sequential modulation of the Simon effect was present in both the Joint and the Individual go/nogo tasks. We found reliable Simon effects in trials following Simon compatible trials not only in the Joint go/nogo task but also to a somewhat smaller extent in the Individual go/nogo task. For both these go/nogo tasks, sequential modulation effects were stronger for nogo/go transitions than for go/go transitions. This suggests that low-level feature binding and repetition mechanisms contribute to the social Simon effect related to the specific requirement not to respond on nogo trials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Trial-to-trial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task

Liepelt

Wenke

Fischer

et al. 2010

Psychological Research

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“…However, disagreements over interpretation of the finding persist (e.g., Frings & Wentura, 2006;MacLeod, Chiappe, & Fox, 2002;Tipper, 2001). Theories attempting to explain NP include: selective inhibition (e.g., Houghton & Tipper, 1994); feature mismatch (Lowe, 1979;Milliken, Tipper, & Weaver, 1994;Park & Kanwisher;; episodic retrieval Neill, Valdes, Terry, & Gorfein, 1992;Rothermund, Wentura, & De Houwer, 2005); and temporal discrimination (Milliken, Joordens, Merikle, & Seiffert, 1998). The selective inhibition and episodic retrieval accounts have received the most support.…”

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confidence: 99%

Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Amir

Cobb

Morrison

2008

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often experience intrusive thoughts. These intrusions may be due to biases in information processing mechanisms, including attention, memory, and learning. To examine this hypothesis, we presented a modified negative priming (NP) paradigm with idiographically-selected words to 19 individuals with OCD (OCs) and 19 matched non-anxious control participants (NACs). The words included OCD-relevant threat, OCD-relevant positive, and neutral words. This paradigm typically elicits positive priming because participants may learn the contingency between the prime and probe that facilitates responding (Frings, C., & Wentura, D. (2006). Strategy effects counteract distractor inhibition: Negative priming with constantly absent probe distractors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 854-864). As predicted, NACs showed facilitation (i.e., positive priming) rather than NP for all word types, whereas OCs exhibited facilitation for only neutral words. For positive words, OCs exhibited no priming and for threat words they exhibited NP. These results suggest that for idiographic, OCDrelevant threat information, individuals with OCD show difficulty learning the contingency between the information in the prime and probe displays relative to the NACs.

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“…Indeed, our selective attention tasks solely consist of the detection of a target. Any response bound to the distractor could be considered as a general "do-not-respond" tag like the one suggested in traditional episodic retrieval explanations of negative priming (Neill, Valdes & Terry, 1992). But to further explore this issue, we could have defined a decision task (for example, "is the target blue or red") upon target selection in a way that distractors could be automatically bound to a particular response category.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a Although selective attention and episodic memory research are often treated independently, they are functionally linked to each other. Indeed, the theory of distractor inhibition has been traditionally challenged by episodic memory accounts (Neil & Westberry, 1987;Neill, Valdes, Terry, & Gorfein, 1992). From their perspective, during selection targets are episodically encoded with their actions and distractors get encoded with a do-not-respond tag.…”

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confidence: 99%

An action to an object does not improve its episodic encoding but removes distraction.

Laurent

Ensslin

Marı́-Beffa

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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There is some debate as to whether responding to objects in our environment improves episodic memory or doesn't impact it. Some authors claim that actively encoding objects improves their representation in episodic memory. Conversely, episodic memory has also been shown to improve in passive conditions, suggesting that the action itself could interfere with the encoding process. This study looks at the impact of attention and action on episodic memory using a novel WWW task that includes information about object identity (What), spatial (Where) and temporal (When) properties. With this approach we studied the episodic memory of two types of object: Target, where attention or an action is defined, and Distractor, object to be ignored, following two selective states: active vs. passive selection. When targets were actively selected, we found no evidence of episodic memory enhancement compared to passive selection; but instead memory from irrelevant sources was suppressed. The pattern was replicated across a 2D static display and a more realistic 3D virtual environment. This selective attention effect on episodic memory was not observed on non-episodic measures, demonstrating a link between attention and the encoding of episodic experiences. Keywords:What-Where-When task; episodic memory; recognition and cue recall; sensorymotor implication; inhibition. 2In our daily experience we often need to avoid responding to objects in an automatic manner in order to pursue a goal. When shopping for groceries, we may find ourselves actively avoiding the cream cakes in order to get the items on the fruit and vegetable list. In a pub, we may need to suppress grasping other glasses on the table to pick our own. In many cases, these situations occur without us being aware of it; but at other times they can become part of our autobiographical experience. While most would agree that selected objects can be stored in episodic memory, it is less clear what happens with the objects that we reject. The purpose of this research is to study how the active selection of a target among distractors is represented in episodic memory.The most common view is that objects which are the targets of goal-directed actions receive a boost in processing that enhances their representations in episodic memory (Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1994;Zimmer, et al, 2001). But there is little account of how distractors are represented. Here we present a set of three experiments to demonstrate that, contrary to the previous view, responding to an object does not influence target encoding but acts instead upon distractors, inhibiting them and preventing them from being represented in the episodic trace. Measures of Episodic MemoryBefore we analyse how distractors can be affected by responses to the targets, we need to clarify a few theoretical points. The first problem that we encounter is the multiplicity of tasks used to measure episodic memory, and even the concept itself. Originally, Endel Tulving (1972) coined the term 'episodic memory' with reference to the ...

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Persistence of negative priming: II. Evidence for episodic trace retrieval.

Cited by 340 publications

References 35 publications

Trial-to-trial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task

Trial-to-trial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task

Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

An action to an object does not improve its episodic encoding but removes distraction.

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