Persistence of Pathogens in Sewage and Other Water Types

Murphy, Heather M.

doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.51

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This might be due to the variability in salinity levels that are observed over time at this site. This is consistent with a literature review by Murphy () that found that bacteria are less persistent in brackish/saltwater than freshwaters. The upstream sites (SC and BR) had lower average rates of decrease and much lower variability between runs (Table ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…coli concentrations in the water column (without sediment resuspensions—representing nonagitated water; Table ) are indicative of E . coli die‐off rates found in the literature (0.06–0.10 log/day in Meng, Chandrasena, Rebekah, Deletic, and McCarthy [] as cited in Murphy []; 0.1–0.17 log/day in Schang et al []) and brackish water systems (1.47 log/day initial decay rate and subsequent decay of 0.06 log/day after 4.2 days in Zhang, He, and Yan []).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These sites rarely had any detectable salinity (Table ), and this lower salinity may be enhancing the survival of E . coli (Anderson, Whitlock, & Harwood, ; Atwill et al, ; Murphy, ). These findings are also consistent with observations by Boehm, Soetjipto, and Wang () and Chandran, Suson, Thomas, Hatha, and Mazumder () who found that Salmonella persisted for shorter periods of time under saline conditions compared with fresh water conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Escherichia coli survival and transfer in estuarine bed sediments

Schang

Lintern

Cook

et al. 2018

River Research & Apps

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Bed sediment resuspension is a potential source of faecal microorganisms in the water column of estuaries. As such, it is important to identify the survival of faecal microorganisms in these bed sediments and understand how bed sediment resuspension impacts the quality of estuarine waters. This study explores the effect of bed sediment resuspension on Escherichia coli concentrations in the water column and the persistence of E. coli in the water column and bed sediments of the Yarra River estuary in South-Eastern Australia. Using sediment cores, we identified that the resuspension of both surficial sediments (e.g., by tidal movements) and deeper bed sediments (e.g., by large storm events) can increase E. coli concentrations in the water column by up to 20 times in estuaries in oceanic climates. Bed sediment resuspension can result in increased E. coli concentrations in the water column even up to 24 days after E. coli first enters the estuarine water. This study demonstrates that faecal microorganisms, such as E. coli, can persist for extended periods in estuarine bed sediments, which may then be re-entrained into the water column via recreational activities, high flow events, or tidal fluctuations. If the survival and resuspension processes observed here hold true for pathogenic microorganisms, the resuspension of bed sediments may indeed represent an increased public health risk.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Escherichia coli survival and transfer in estuarine bed sediments

Schang

Lintern

Cook

et al. 2018

River Research & Apps

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“…We used primers that targeted the Bacteroidales family (GenBac3) and the Enterococcus genus (Entero1a), bacteria that are common in the feces of mammals, Table 2. These non-pathogenic microbes are easy to quantify and have decay rates similar to those of the pathogens of interest [47], hence, they can be strongly associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms derived from upstream in the watershed.…”

Section: Pani Hakahaka 3 : Microbial Indicators As Markers Of Watershmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kū Hou Kuapā: Cultural Restoration Improves Water Budget and Water Quality Dynamics in Heʻeia Fishpond

Möhlenkamp¹,

Beebe²,

McManus³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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In Hawaiʻi, the transition from customary subsistence flooded taro agroecosystems, which regulate stream discharge rate trapping sediment and nutrients, to a plantation-style economy (c. the 1840s) led to nearshore sediment deposition - smothering coral reefs and destroying adjacent coastal fisheries and customary fishpond mariculture. To mitigate sediment transport, Rhizophora mangle was introduced in estuaries across Hawai’i (c. 1902) further altering fishpond ecosystems. Here, we examine the impact of cultural restoration between 2012-2018 at Heʻeia Fishpond, a 600-800-year-old walled fishpond. Fishpond water quality was assessed by calculating water exchange rates, residence times, salinity distribution, and abundance of microbial indicators prior to and after restoration. We hypothesized that R. mangle removal and concomitant reconstruction of sluice gates would increase mixing and decrease bacterial indicator abundance in the fishpond. We find that Heʻeia Fishpond’s physical environment is primarily tidally driven; wind forcing and river flux are secondary drivers. Post-restoration, two gates in the northeastern region account for >80% of relative flux in the fishpond. Increase in exchange rates during spring and neap tide and shorter minimum water residence time corresponded with the reconstruction of a partially obstructed 56 m gap together with the installation of an additional sluice gate in the fishpond wall. Lower mean salinities post-restoration suggests increased freshwater influx due to R. mangle removal. Spatial distribution of microbial bio-indicator species inversely correlated with salinity. Average abundance of Enterococcus and Bacteroidales did not significantly change after restoration efforts, however, average abundance of a biomarker specific to birds nesting in the mangroves decreased significantly after restoration. This study demonstrates the positive impact of biocultural restoration regimes on water flushing and water quality parameters, encouraging the prospect of revitalizing this and other culturally and economically significant sites for sustainable aquaculture in the future.

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“…Yates et al (1985) studied the survival of the bacteriophage MS2 in groundwater with laboratory tests and found a 10-20 times higher inactivation rate at 23°C than at 4°C. The effect of temperature on the inactivation of virus in groundwater has since been verified for many other types of viruses (Murphy 2017). The endurance of infective virus in groundwater at low temperatures means that viral contamination of drinking water sources may lead to prolonged consequences in subarctic and arctic regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Virus inactivation in groundwater in a postglacial lava field in arctic climate

Benediktsdóttir

Gunnarsdóttir

Ómarsdóttir

et al. 2020

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis are often connected to contaminated drinking water. The assessment of the water quality relies on the cultivation of indicator bacteria, and little is known of the fate of viruses in groundwater, especially in arctic regions. In Iceland, the groundwater temperature is between 3 and 6°C. The aim of this study was to determine virus inactivation at low temperature in a groundwater microcosm and in a borehole in a postglacial lava field. Two phage species that are commonly used as surrogates for norovirus were used, MS2 and PhiX174. Dialysis bags were used for the samples, and a device was constructed to hold many samples at a time and protect the samples in the borehole. No significant decrease of infective PhiX174 phages in the borehole or of the MS2 phages in the microcosm was observed. A slightly significant decrease of PhiX174 in the microcosm was noticed, with one log reduction time of 476 days. On the other hand, a significant reduction in MS2 was found in the field test, where the time needed for 90% reduction was 12·5 days. The results showed that an infective virus can exist in groundwater for months or years in arctic regions and a great difference may exist between results from microcosm and field tests. Significance and Impact of the Study This study reveals that arctic regions are highly sensitive to virus contamination as an infective virus may exist in groundwater for years at low temperature. The results also show that the virus inactivation observed in field tests may differ considerably from the inactivation observed in laboratory microcosms. The results emphasize the importance of large protection zones around drinking water intakes as well as good wastewater treatment so that the likelihood of faecal contamination of groundwater is reduced.

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Persistence of Pathogens in Sewage and Other Water Types

Cited by 21 publications

References 18 publications

Escherichia coli survival and transfer in estuarine bed sediments

Escherichia coli survival and transfer in estuarine bed sediments

Kū Hou Kuapā: Cultural Restoration Improves Water Budget and Water Quality Dynamics in Heʻeia Fishpond

Virus inactivation in groundwater in a postglacial lava field in arctic climate

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