Persistent c-fos expression and NADPH-d reactivity in the medulla and the lumbar spinal cord in rat with short-term peripheral anosmia

Neurobiology of Supporting Syntactic Chains of Self-Grooming in Rodents and Its Biochecmical Characteristics

“…The amygdala is a limbic brain structure that is involved in regulating the modulation of motivational states such as fear, anxiety, and desire [35]- [40]. Studies have demonstrated a correlation between increased anxiety behavior and decreased amygdala dopamine release in well-groomed selectively bred rats compared to low-groomed rats [24] [29] [30] [31].…”

“…However, since the affective state plays a central role in striatal modulation, this contrast may be an oversimplification, and therefore, the functional and anatomical diversity of both the amygdala and striatal regions must be taken into account. For instance, the complex context-dependent modulation of grooming behavior may involve circuits like BLA-CeA-anterior BNST, which mediate stress, anxiety, and conditioned defense, and MeA-posterior BNST circuits projecting to the hypothalamus, responsible for innate social activity and anti-predator behavior [35] The hypothalamus is very important, which is connected to the cerebellum, the amygdala and accordingly, the cortex. At the same time, it is very interesting to connect it with the structures of neuroendocrine regulations, because it is known that the paraventricular nucleus and the dorsal hypothalamus play a big role in self-regulation, since their stimulation leads to strong self-regulation [50] [51] [52] [53] [54].…”

“…Stimulation or drug injection into the hypothalamus induces intense self-grooming in rats, suggesting that the paraventricular nucleus and dorsal hypothalamus may contribute to this behavior [54]. The paraventricular nucleus projects to MeApd, and glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus adjacent to MeApd facilitate repetitive self-grooming in mice [35]. Both CeA and MeA project to their respective regions of the BNST, which serves as the primary connection between the amygdala and the hypothalamus [59] [60].…”

“…Both CeA and MeA project to their respective regions of the BNST, which serves as the primary connection between the amygdala and the hypothalamus [59] [60]. The amygdala nuclei, particularly MeApd involved in self-care [52], also project to the medial hypothalamus [35].…”

Laminar distribution of the active spinal cord neurons during the feeding-related stereotyped movements in the rat

“…Ïðè÷îìó ï³ä ÷àñ íîöèöåïòèâíèõ àáî ñòîìëþâàëüíèõ ïîäðàçíåííÿõ ìÿç³â ê³íö³âîê íå áóëî çàðåºñòðîâàíî ì³÷åíèõ ìîòîíåéðîí³â [2,20,24]. Âàaeëèâî â³äì³òèòè, ùî â íàø³é ðîáîò³ Ôîñ-³ð-íåéðîíè áóëè ëîêàë³çîâàí³ â ä³ëÿíêàõ, ÿê³ òðàäèö³éíî ïîâÿçóþòü ç ïåðåäà÷åþ íåíîöèöåïòèâíèõ ñèãíàë³â [7,15,16]. Íåéðîíè â öèõ ðåã³îíàõ îòðèìóþòü âõîäè â³ä àôåðåíò³â âåëèêîãî òà ñåðåäíüîãî ä³àìåòð³â (ãðóïè ² òà ²²) ìÿç³â, ñóõîaeèëîê ³ øê³ðè [10].…”