Persistent enteral infections with adenovirus types 1 and 2 in infants: no evidence of reinfection

Adrian, Th.; Schäfer, G.; Cooney, Marion K.; Fox, J. P.; Wigand, R.

doi:10.1017/s0950268800029393

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Subgenus C serotypes have a greater propensity to establish latency or persistent infection among the various serotypes infecting in childhood. 23 Serotype data were not available in most studies, but 2 large reviews suggested that the isolates identified in North America are mostly from subgenus B (serotypes 11, 34, 35). 4,5 We have demonstrated antiadenovirus antibodies recognizing types 2 and 5 antigens in the pretransplantation sera of both patients and donors, suggesting reactivation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus infections following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence and outcome in relation to graft manipulation, immunosuppression, and immune recovery

Chakrabarti

Mautner

Osman

et al. 2002

Blood

396

404

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Adenovirus infections occur in 5% to 21% of patients following stem cell transplantation (SCT), with an associated mortality of up to 50%. However, a lack of prospective studies has hampered further developments in the understanding and management of this infection in the posttransplantation setting. We prospectively studied the incidence and outcome of adenovirus infections after SCT using preemptive screening and a policy of reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy if the virus was isolated. The incidence of adenovirus infection was 19.7% (15 of 76), and the virus was isolated exclusively in recipients of T-celldepleted grafts. Patients receiving 50 or 100 mg alemtuzumab in vivo were at the greatest risk of adenovirus infection (45% probability) regardless of donor type, and this was related to the slower lymphocyte recovery. Six (40%) of the 15 adenovirusinfected patients developed adenovirus disease. Severe lymphocytopenia (less than 300/L) at the time of first detection of adenovirus was a major risk factor for development of adenovirus disease (P ‫؍‬ .001). In addition, failure to reduce immunosuppression (P ‫؍‬ .04) and a positive result of adenovirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood at diagnosis (P ‫؍‬ .01) were both associated with fatal adenovirus disease. On the basis of this study, we recommend active surveillance for adenovirus infection in T-cell-depleted SCT and withdrawal or reduction of immunosuppressive treatment, if possible, in patients with adenovirus infection. Preemptive antiviral therapy is warranted for patients with severe lymphocytopenia or positive blood PCR, and in those in whom immunosuppressive therapy cannot be reduced. (Blood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus infections following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence and outcome in relation to graft manipulation, immunosuppression, and immune recovery

Chakrabarti

Mautner

Osman

et al. 2002

Blood

396

404

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“…Although primary infections are respiratory, species C viruses display prolonged fecal excretion months, and even years, after virus is no longer detected in nasopharyngeal washings (14,15). Restriction analysis of viruses isolated up to 4 years after initial infection suggested chronic persistent infection rather than reinfection with the same serotype (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Prevalence and Quantitation of Species C Adenovirus DNA in Human Mucosal Lymphocytes

Garnett

Erdman

et al. 2002

J Virol

287

280

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The common species C adenoviruses (serotypes Ad1, Ad2, Ad5, and Ad6) infect more than 80% of the human population early in life. Following primary infection, the virus can establish an asymptomatic persistent infection in which infectious virions are shed in feces for several years. The probable source of persistent virus is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, although the molecular details of persistence or latency of adenovirus are currently unknown. In this study, a sensitive real-time PCR assay was developed to quantitate species C adenovirus DNA in human tissues removed for routine tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy. Using this assay, species C DNA was detected in Ficoll-purified lymphocytes from 33 of 42 tissue specimens tested (79%). The levels varied from fewer than 10 to greater than 2 ؋ 10 6 copies of the adenovirus genome/10 7 cells, depending on the donor. DNA from serotypes Ad1, Ad2, and Ad5 was detected, while the rarer serotype Ad6 was not. When analyzed as a function of donor age, the highest levels of adenovirus genomes were found among the youngest donors. Antibody-coated magnetic beads were used to purify lymphocytes into subpopulations and determine whether viral DNA could be enriched within any purified subpopulations. Separation of T cells (CD4/8-expressing and/or CD3-expressing cells) enriched viral DNA in each of nine donors tested. In contrast, B-cell purification (CD19-expressing cells) invariably depleted or eliminated viral DNA. Despite the frequent finding of significant quantities of adenovirus DNA in tonsil and adenoid tissues, infectious virus was rarely present, as measured by coculture with permissive cells. These findings suggest that human mucosal T lymphocytes may harbor species C adenoviruses in a quiescent, perhaps latent form.The common adenovirus serotypes of species C (Ad1, Ad2, Ad5, and Ad6) cause roughly 5% of symptomatic upper respiratory tract (5) and 15% of lower respiratory tract (3) infections in children younger than 5 years.

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“…Although primary infections are respiratory, species C viruses are found in feces months, and even years, after virus is no longer detected in nasopharyngeal washings (18,19). Restriction analysis of viruses isolated years after initial infection suggests persistent infection, rather than reinfection with the same serotype (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent Species C Adenoviruses in Human Tonsil Tissues

Garnett

Talekar

Mahr

et al. 2009

J Virol

187

202

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Persistent enteral infections with adenovirus types 1 and 2 in infants: no evidence of reinfection

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Adenovirus infections following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence and outcome in relation to graft manipulation, immunosuppression, and immune recovery

Adenovirus infections following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence and outcome in relation to graft manipulation, immunosuppression, and immune recovery

Prevalence and Quantitation of Species C Adenovirus DNA in Human Mucosal Lymphocytes

Latent Species C Adenoviruses in Human Tonsil Tissues

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