Persistent immune activation in HIV-1 infection is associated with progression to AIDS

Abstract

Increased T cell activation has predictive value for HIV-1 disease progression even before seroconversion. These data support the hypothesis that persistent hyperactivation of the immune system may lead to erosion of the naive T cell pool and CD4 T cell depletion.

IL‐7Rα expression on CD4+ T lymphocytes decreases with HIV disease progression and inversely correlates with immune activation

“…5), even though there is a correlation between immune activation and viral load (r=0.443) as seen in other studies [6,11,14]. This suggests a relationship between IL-7Ra expression levels and immune activation that is independent of viral load.…”

“…Although many correlates have been identified that may influence the rate of HIV progression, including immune activation, and the disruption of T cell homeostasis, a complete understanding of the mechanisms of CD4 + T cell decline remains elusive [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Cytokines that signal through the common gamma chain, such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15, are some of the main mediators of T cell homeostasis [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Inhibitory effects of chloroquine on the activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaques

“…Studies of HIV-infected South Africans also suggested that microbial translocation might be a driving force of chronic inflammation. 5 Monocyte activity might play a major role in the cases of microbial translocation-induced immune activation. 5 It was reported that the level of monocyte turnover was more pronounced than the viral load and lymphocyte activation in SIVinfected rhesus macaques; this finding implied that monocytes may be very important in the pathogenesis of AIDS.…”

“…5 Monocyte activity might play a major role in the cases of microbial translocation-induced immune activation. 5 It was reported that the level of monocyte turnover was more pronounced than the viral load and lymphocyte activation in SIVinfected rhesus macaques; this finding implied that monocytes may be very important in the pathogenesis of AIDS. As a result of high TLR4 and CD14 expression, monocytes in the plasma of HIV patients were sensitive to high levels of LPS and inflammatory cytokines; 17 this result implied that the role of LPS is important in the pathogenesis of AIDS.…”

“…1 Recently, it has been accepted that in addition to the direct infection of CD4 1 T lymphocytes by HIV virions, chronic immune activation in HIV-infected human and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected non-natural hosts, such as rhesus macaques and cynomolgus macaques, may greatly contribute to the pathogenesis of AIDS. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Accumulated evidence suggests that large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) produced by activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) might play a critical role in this chronic immune activation during HIV-1 infection. Clinical strategies aimed at inhibiting pDC activation could effectively counter disease progression in HIV patients.…”