Persistent immune and clotting dysfunction detected in saliva and blood plasma after COVID-19

Jang, Hyesun; Choudhury, Saibyasachi N.; Yoshida, Yu; Sievers, Benjamin L.; Singh, Harinder; Rawlings, Stephen A.; Proal, Amy D.; Tan, Gene S.; Qian, Yu; Smith, Davey M.; Freire, Marcelo

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17958

Heliyon

2023

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17958

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Persistent immune and clotting dysfunction detected in saliva and blood plasma after COVID-19

Hyesun Jang¹,

Saibyasachi N. Choudhury²,

Yu Yoshida³

et al.

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2024

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Cited by 4 publications

References 100 publications

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The Mouth as a Site of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Atyeo,

Perez,

Matuck

et al. 2024

Curr Oral Health Rep

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Purpose of Review During the height of the coronavirus pandemic, the oral cavity was recognized as a critically important site for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The purpose of this review is to analyze the literature surrounding SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication, and transmission and the resulting impact on host tissues in the oral cavity. Recent Findings The detection of viral genetic material in saliva allows for widespread surveillance testing and emphasizes the importance of viral transmission through shed in saliva. As the cohort of patients who have recovered from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection grows, several questions remain about the long-term impacts of viral infection on the oral tissues, including whether the oral cavity may serve as a persistent viral reservoir. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the viral life cycle in the diverse tissues of the oral cavity is warranted. We conclude with a broad outlook on the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity and how these effects may relate to the post-acute coronavirus syndrome sequelae experienced by recovered patients. Summary SARS-CoV-2 can enter and replicate in the oral cavity and be spread between individuals via shed in saliva. Several acute oral manifestations of infection have been reported, and the lingering effects of infection on oral tissues are an area of ongoing investigation.

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The Mouth as a Site of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Atyeo,

Perez,

Matuck

et al. 2024

Curr Oral Health Rep

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Proteomics of serum-derived extracellular vesicles are associated with the severity and different clinical profiles of patients with COVID-19: An exploratory secondary analysis

Paes Leme,

Yokoo,

Normando

et al. 2024

Cytotherapy

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Host–microbiome associations in saliva predict COVID-19 severity

Alqedari,

Altabtbaei,

Espinoza

et al. 2024

PNAS Nexus

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Established evidence indicates that oral microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating host immune responses to viral infection. Following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 – SARS-CoV-2 – there are coordinated microbiome and inflammatory responses within the mucosal and systemic compartments that are unknown. The specific roles the oral microbiota and inflammatory cytokines play in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 are yet to be explored. Here, we evaluated the relationships between the salivary microbiome and host parameters in different groups of COVID-19 severity based on their oxygen requirement. Saliva and blood samples (n = 80) were collected from COVID-19 and from non-infected individuals. We characterized the oral microbiomes using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and evaluated saliva and serum cytokines and chemokines using multiplex analysis. Alpha diversity of the salivary microbial community was negatively associated with COVID-19 severity, while diversity increased with health. Integrated cytokine evaluations of saliva and serum showed that the oral host response was distinct from the systemic response. The hierarchical classification of COVID-19 status and respiratory severity using multiple modalities separately (i.e., microbiome, salivary cytokines, and systemic cytokines) and simultaneously (i.e., multi-modal perturbation analyses) revealed that the microbiome perturbation analysis was the most informative for predicting COVID-19 status and severity, followed by the multi-modal. Our findings suggest that oral microbiome and salivary cytokines may be predictive of COVID-19 status and severity, whereas atypical local mucosal immune suppression and systemic hyperinflammation provide new cues to understand the pathogenesis in immunologically naïve populations.

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Persistent immune and clotting dysfunction detected in saliva and blood plasma after COVID-19

Cited by 4 publications

References 100 publications

The Mouth as a Site of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

The Mouth as a Site of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Proteomics of serum-derived extracellular vesicles are associated with the severity and different clinical profiles of patients with COVID-19: An exploratory secondary analysis

Host–microbiome associations in saliva predict COVID-19 severity

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