Persistent inflammation–immunosuppression–catabolism syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with persistent inflammation–immunosuppression–catabolism syndrome (PICS). Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients with SLE who were admitted to the renal intensive care unit (ICU) for over 14 days at Jinling Hospital from July 2010 to July 2018. According to the diagnostic criteria of PICS, we divided the SLE patients into a PICS group and a non-PICS group. We performed a multivariate Cox regression analysis on the risk factors for death in these two groups by comparing the clinical features and prognosis. Results A total of 96 SLE patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study, including 61 patients in the PICS group and 35 patients in the non-PICS group. The PICS group patients required a longer length of stay in ICU with higher inflammatory indicators (such as C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and interleukin-6) and lower immune levels (such as total, CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + and CD20 + lymphocytes) compared to the non-PICS group patients ( P < 0.01). Hemoglobin, platelets, serum creatinine, serum blood urea nitrogen and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLE-DAI) score in the PICS group were lower than those in the non-PICS group ( P < 0.05), suggesting severe hematological injury in the PICS group and relatively severe renal damage in the non-PICS group. The rates of PICS combined with sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungi and double infections were higher than those in the non-PICS group ( P < 0.05). The 3-year survival rate was 50.82% in the PICS group and 85.71% in the non-PICS group. The 3-year renal survival rate was 32.79% in the PICS group and 51.43% in the non-PICS group. Multivariate Cox regression found that the total lymphocyte count during ICU admission was an independent risk factor for death in SLE patients with PICS. Conclusion Patients with SLE complicated with PICS had longer ICU stays, a lower level of SLE activity, a higher risk of secondary infection and a significantly lower survival rate than non-PICS patients.

Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome in trauma patients

“…Various scoring systems with potential for predicting poor outcomes in severe trauma have been explored. NRS2002 is a tool for assessing nutritional risk in patients, considering factors such as nutritional intake, weight changes, and illness status to evaluate the level of nutritional risk ( 11 ). It has been reported to have predictive value in complications of severe trauma and is highly correlated with increased length of hospital stay (LOS) ( 12 ).…”