Abstract-We previously showed that prolonged morphine treatment and chronic inflammation both enhanced delta opioid receptor (␦OR) cell surface density in lumbar spinal cord neurons. Here, we sought to determine whether administration of morphine to rats with chronic inflammation would further increase the bio-availability of ␦OR, and thereby the analgesic properties of the ␦OR agonist deltorphin, over that produced by inflammation alone. We found that chronic inflammation produced by injection of complete Agonists acting through the mu opioid receptor ( OR), such as morphine and its derivatives, induce potent analgesic effects (Bodnar and Klein, 2004). However, they also give rise to undesirable side-effects such as nausea, constipation, and respiratory depression (Colpaert, 1996;Kreek, 1996). In addition, chronic stimulation of OR induces tolerance and physical dependence (Cowan et al., 1988). By contrast, drugs acting on ␦OR produce more limited analgesia, but also give rise to considerably less undesirable side-effects and induce virtually no tolerance (Porreca et al., 1984;May et al., 1989; Sheldon et al., 1990;Szeto et al., 1999;Gallantine and Meert, 2005). For these reasons, ␦OR agonists have been proposed as possible alternatives to OR agonists for the treatment of chronic pain, including neuropathic (Mika et al., 2001;Petrillo et al., 2003;Morinville et al., 2004a) and chronic inflammatory pain (Desmeules et al., 1993;Stewart and Hammond, 1994;Fraser et al., 2000;Hurley and Hammond, 2000;Qiu et al., 2000;Cahill et al., 2003;Petrillo et al., 2003).One of the reasons for the relatively poor analgesic efficiency of ␦OR agonists may be that only a small proportion of ␦OR is actually present on neuronal plasma membranes under baseline conditions (Cheng et al., 1995(Cheng et al., , 1997Elde et al., 1995;Zhang et al., 1998;Cahill et al., 2001a). However, under conditions of chronic inflammation, such as produced in rodents by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the hind paw, we observed a massive recruitment of ␦OR from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane in neurons of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord Morinville et al., 2004b). This increase in the pharmacological availability of ␦OR was postulated to account for the enhanced antihyperalgesic efficacy of the centrally administered ␦OR agonists reported in conditions of chronic inflammation (Hylden et al., 1991;Stewart and Hammond, 1994;Fraser et al., 1 Present address: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4. *Corresponding author. Tel: ϩ1-514-398-1913; fax: ϩ1-514-398-5871. E-mail address: alain.beaudet@mcgill.ca (A. Beaudet). Abbreviations: CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; Fluo-DLT, -Bodipy 576/589 deltorphin-I 5-aminopentylamide; i.t., intrathecal/intrathecally; MPAHE, maximum possible antihyperalgesic effect; MPE, maximum possible antinociceptive effect; MS, morphine sulfate; OR, mu opioid receptor; PB, phosphate buffer; RI...