Persistent Organic Pollutant Reductions from a Diesel Engine Generator Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil-based Biodiesel Blended with Butanol and Acetone

Abstract

This investigation focuses on the effects on emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) from a diesel engine fuelled by 20 vol% waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (W20) blended with various fractions of dehydrate/hydrous butanol (B/B′) and acetone (A/A′). The emission concentrations of the POPs were in the order PBDE ≫ PBDD/F > PCB > PCDD/F, regardless of the blending fuel or engine load. The POP with highest concentration was PBDE, being 2-3 times that of the others. Conversely, the magnitude of emitted toxicity followed the order PCDD/F > PCB ≈ PBDD/F, while PCDD/F emissions had about 10 times the toxicity concentrations of PCBs and PBDD/Fs. Among the dioxin compounds, the emissions of PCDDs represented 46-73% (average 57%) and 50-72% (average 59%) of total PCDD/F mass and toxicity concentrations, respectively, and were which and were thus significantly higher than those of PCDFs. The non-ortho-PCB contributed almost all toxicity (~100%) of 14 dioxin-like-PCBs, even though its contribution in mass was only 9-32% (average 16%) among the congeners. Similarly, PBDFs accounted for ~100% of toxicity of PBDD/Fs. Additionally, deca-BDEs contributed to most of the mass emissions of PBDEs (47.0-90.5%, 82.4% in average), while nona-BDEs and tri-to octaBDEs only contributed 10% and 8%, respectively. The reductions of the absolute mass concentrations of POPs from W20 were in the order PBDEs >> PBDD/Fs > PCDD/Fs ≈ PCBs for all multi-component diesel blends. The reduction fractions of POPs were in the order PCDD/F > PCB ≈ PBDD/F > PBDE, and those of TEQ were PCDD/F > PCB > PBDD/F. Thus, the addition of butanol and acetone, whether pure or hydrous, could further lower the POP emissions from W20.

Acetone Prospect as an Additive to Allow the Use of Castor and Sunflower Oils as Drop-In Biofuels in Diesel/Acetone/Vegetable Oil Triple Blends for Application in Diesel Engines

“…ACE has been used in mixtures with biodiesel to reduce pollutant emission and to enhance its flow properties at low temperatures [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Moreover, ternary blends, such as acetone/bioethanol/diesel, have been investigated in diesel engines [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Emissions of PM2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Metals from a Diesel Generator Fueled with Biodiesel Converted from Used Cooking Oil

“…The PM 2.5 levels in exhaust gas from D100, W20 and W40 were 16.3 ± 2.04, 13.8 ± 1.71, and 14.1 ± 2.14 mg Nm -3 , respectively, at 1.5 kW load, and 30.2 ± 6.43, 23.2 ± 3.55, and 24.0 ± 3.40 mg Nm -3 , respectively, at 3.0 kW load (as shown in Table 2). Obviously, the PM 2.5 concentrations were higher at 3.0 kW than at 1.5 kW when using D100, W20 or W40, because more fuel was consumed (higher fuel consumption) at 3.0 kW, causing more PM 2.5 mass emissions at the higher engine load (Tsai et al, 2017). Reductions in PM 2.5 emissions by using W20 and W40 in comparison to D100 were 14.4% and 14.0%, respectively, at 1.5 kW load, and 22.1% and 20.3%, respectively, at 3.0 kW load.…”

Infants' Neurodevelopmental Effects of PM2.5 and Persistent Organohalogen Pollutants Exposure in Southern Taiwan

“…A similar study by Zhou et al (2019) also indicated that OCPs such as p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE are predominant in Taiwan. PBDEs coming from diesel vehicles, which is the largest source of PM 2.5 in Tainan City (Lu et al, 2019), has the highest emission concentration among other pollutants like PCDD/Fs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) (Tsai et al, 2017). Therefore, these dangerous POPs can be found in vicinities with PM 2.5 and can possibly risk human health living near the areas.…”