Persistent socket pain postenucleation and post evisceration: a systematic review

Hogeboom, Charlotte S. E.; Mourits, Daphne L.; Ket, Hans; Tan, H. Stevie; Hartong, Dyonne T.; Moll, Annette C.

doi:10.1111/aos.13688

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Anophthalmic socket pain and Phantom Eye Syndrome may be misunderstood and have a great impact on affected patients, who need specific counseling. 99 , 117…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be suspected in case of pain evoked by palpation of trochlear region or by movement of the prosthesis. Treatment is based on the use of corticosteroids, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and triamcinolone injections, 99 , 103 or implant removal and DFG if due to implant migration.…”

Section: Chronic Anophthalmic Socket Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pain can also be caused by malignant tumors of the socket; treatment is specifically related to the type and the extension of the tumor. 99 , 109 Retrobulbar injections of neurolytic agents such as alcohol and chlorpromazine have been used to treat painful blind eyes, 110 and can be an effective technique for the resolution of socket pain. 111 …”

Section: Chronic Anophthalmic Socket Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome: Prevalence, Impact and Management Strategies

Quaranta‐Leoni¹,

Fiorino²,

Quaranta‐Leoni³

et al. 2021

OPTH

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Anophthalmic socket syndrome determines functional deficits and facial deformities, and may lead to poor psychological outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the features of the syndrome, based on literature review and authors’ clinical and surgical experience. An electronic database (PubMed,MEDLINE and Google Scholar) search of all articles written in English and non-English language with abstract translated to English on anophthalmic socket syndrome was performed. Data reviewed included demographics, presentations, investigations, management, complications and outcomes. Different types of orbital implants were evaluated; the management of implant exposure was examined; different orbital volume enhancement procedures such as secondary implantation, subperiosteal implants and the use of fillers in anophthalmic patients were described; the problems related to socket contraction were outlined; the treatment options for chronic anophthalmic socket pain and phantom eye syndrome were assessed; the most recent advances in the management of congenital anophthalmia were described. Current clinical evidence does not support a specific orbital implant; late exposure of porous implants may be due to pegging, which currently is seldom used; filler absorption in the orbit appears to be faster than in the dermis, and repeated treatments could be a potential source of inflammation; socket contraction results in significant functional and psychological disability, and management is challenging. Patients affected by anophthalmic socket pain and phantom eye syndrome need specific counseling. It is auspicable to use a standardized protocol to treat children affected by clinical congenital anophthalmia; dermis fat graft is a suitable option in these patients as it helps continued socket expansion. Dermis fat graft can also address the volume deficit in case of explantation of exposed implants and in contracted sockets in both children and adults. Appropriate clinical care is essential, as adequate prosthesis wearing improves the quality of life of anophthalmic patients.

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“…Anophthalmic socket pain and Phantom Eye Syndrome may be misunderstood and have a great impact on affected patients, who need specific counseling. 99 , 117…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chronic Anophthalmic Socket Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chronic Anophthalmic Socket Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome: Prevalence, Impact and Management Strategies

Quaranta‐Leoni¹,

Fiorino²,

Quaranta‐Leoni³

et al. 2021

OPTH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the literature, several drugs are proposed for phantom pain (antidepressants, anticonvulsants, sodium channel blockers, N‐methyl‐D aspartate receptor antagonists and opioids), however with unpredictable effects (Hogeboom et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, phantom pain has been reported in 23% to 26% (Nicolodi et al 1997;Gerding et al 2003;S€ or€ os et al 2003). In the literature, several drugs are proposed for phantom pain (antidepressants, anticonvulsants, sodium channel blockers, N-methyl-D aspartate receptor antagonists and opioids), however with unpredictable effects (Hogeboom et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmetic results of enucleation and/or external beam radiation therapy in 195 retinoblastoma survivors

Mourits

Hartong

Lissenberg‐Witte

et al. 2018

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Persistent socket pain in a dog after the enucleation of the eye and its clinical management

Gómez Molins,

Adami,

Shing

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Persistent socket pain is a condition described in humans after enucleation of the eye. This report aims at describing this condition in dogs.A 10‐year‐old male‐neutered crossbreed was presented to the referral veterinary surgeon for enucleation of the right ocular globe. Anaesthesia and surgery were uneventful although during the postoperative period the dog was reluctant to open the mouth and to be explored by the referral veteterinary surgeon. Despite treatment with meloxicam, paracetamol and tramadol, no improvements were observed.Ten weeks after surgery, the dog was referred to the Dick White referrals for further investigations. Ophthalmic examination was normal, though palpation of the wound triggered an avoidance response. Magnetic resonance imaging showed changes compatible with orbital cellulitis.The area of interest was evaluated with the use of the mechanical Von Frey filaments. A response, characterised by sudden turning of the head and attempts to withdraw it, was evoked with filament 4.93 (8.0 g) during stimulation of the periorbital area.After induction of anaesthesia, an ultrasound‐guided injection containing levobupivacaine 0.5% and methylprednisolone was performed within the retrobulbar area.Three hours after recovery from anaesthesia, no discomfort was observed during palpation of the area. Re‐evaluation was performed with the Von Frey filaments; no response could be evoked during testing with all 20 filaments (from 2.36 to 6.65) applied on either side of the face.The patient was discharged with a course of gabapentin and, 3 weeks after the intervention, the dog showed no clinical signs of pain.Persistent socket pain is an unpleasant sensation at the level of the enucleated orbit, and it should be regarded as a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. The MRI findings appeared to be essential to select the most appropriate interventional treatment. The injection of local anaesthetic and steroid into the retrobulbar space was useful for both confirming the diagnosis and treating pain by reducing the peripheral signalling and decreasing the residual inflammation.

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Persistent socket pain postenucleation and post evisceration: a systematic review

Abstract: Careful history and examination can give some direction in the diagnostic procedure; however, PSP is probably multifactorial and the specific origin(s) may remain uncertain. Implant replacement can be an effective treatment. Studies to identifiy less invasive procedures are required.

Cited by 14 publications

References 81 publications

Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome: Prevalence, Impact and Management Strategies

Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome: Prevalence, Impact and Management Strategies

Cosmetic results of enucleation and/or external beam radiation therapy in 195 retinoblastoma survivors

Persistent socket pain in a dog after the enucleation of the eye and its clinical management

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