“…One is that the different qualities of reading instruction and students' reading experiences at classroom level help explain reading performance differences (Leinhardt, Zigmond, & Cooley, 1981), although in the literature other contextual factors are also seen influential (Wang, Haertel, & Walberg, 1994). These contextual factors can be but are not limited to: (1) a country' language characteristics, literacy history, and values (Rauh et al, 2003); (2) its economy and available resources (Elley, 1992); (3) school environment, climate, and curriculum (Lee & Shute, 2010); (4) parental social and economic status (Molfese, Modglin, & Molfese, 2003), literacy behaviors and attitudes (Baker & Scher, 2002), and involvement (Hewison & Tizard, 1980); (5) teachers' expertise (Taylor, Pearson, Peterson, & Rodriguez, 2003), training (Yoon et al, 2007), and attitudes (Crano & Mellon, 1978).…”