Personal Decontamination After Exposure to Simulated Liquid Phase Contaminants: Functional Assessment of a New Unit

Törngren, S; Persson, Sven‐Åke; Ljungquist, A.; Berglund, Tage; Nordstrand, Melker; Hägglund, Lars; Rittfeldt, Lars; Sandgren, Kjell; Söderman, Eva

doi:10.3109/15563659809028050

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…MeS is of similar persistence, volatility and water solubility to sulphur mustard. While MeS is likely to volatilise it is recoverable and has been used for several human volunteer decontamination studies (Larner et al, ; Ribordy et al, ; Torngren et al, ). Furthermore, previous literature has determined that MeS is the least toxic simulant when mimicking the adsorption/desorption of sulphur mustard in the environment (Bartelt‐Hunt et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review

James

Wyke

Marczylo

et al. 2017

J of Applied Toxicology

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Incidents involving the release of chemical agents can pose significant risks to public health. In such an event, emergency decontamination of affected casualties may need to be undertaken to reduce injury and possible loss of life. To ensure these methods are effective, human volunteer trials (HVTs) of decontamination protocols, using simulant contaminants, have been conducted. Simulants must be used to mimic the physicochemical properties of more harmful chemicals, while remaining non‐toxic at the dose applied. This review focuses on studies that employed chemical warfare agent simulants in decontamination contexts, to identify those simulants most suitable for use in HVTs of emergency decontamination. Twenty‐two simulants were identified, of which 17 were determined unsuitable for use in HVTs. The remaining simulants (n = 5) were further scrutinized for potential suitability according to toxicity, physicochemical properties and similarities to their equivalent toxic counterparts. Three suitable simulants, for use in HVTs were identified; methyl salicylate (simulant for sulphur mustard), diethyl malonate (simulant for soman) and malathion (simulant for VX or toxic industrial chemicals). All have been safely used in previous HVTs, and have a range of physicochemical properties that would allow useful inference to more toxic chemicals when employed in future studies of emergency decontamination systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review

James

Wyke

Marczylo

et al. 2017

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…Chemical simulants of terrorist agents have been used to test the efficacy of soap and water decontamination in a hospital center. This decontamination eliminated the chemical simulants of sarin (simulant = ethyl lactate) and sulfur mustard (simulant = methyl salicylate) entirely within 3 to 6 minutes [35]. In the same study, the water-soluble chemical (ethyl lactate) was entirely removed with a 3-minute water shower without soap [35].…”

Section: Decontamination Timementioning

confidence: 98%

“…The majority of the information regarding decontamination and duration is available from the military. The suggested duration of decontamination in published guidelines ranges from between 3 to 5 minutes [33][34][35][36] to 15 to 30 minutes [12,27,37]. The United States Army Center of Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine advocates a tepid water rinsing from head to toe for 1 minute after contaminated clothing is removed.…”

Section: Decontamination Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Decontamination

Houston

Hendrickson

2005

Critical Care Clinics

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Decontamination is the removal or reduction of chemical, biologic, or radiologic agents from the patient's skin, mucosa, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Decontamination is an important step in decreasing the clinical effects of the agent on the patient, as well as protecting coworkers from exposure. For most agents and the vast majority of scenarios, the removal of clothing and a simple 5- to 6-minute shower with soap and water is sufficient to eliminate the risks to the patient and hospital staff. In rare circumstances, additional steps in decontamination including gastric lavage, broncho-alveolar lavage, surgical removal of wound foreign bodies, and administration of activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution, and radioisotope binding agents, may be necessary.

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“…In ordinary decontamination procedures, patients' clothes are removed [1]. We measured the heart and respiratory rates with and without clothes to assess the vital sign monitoring before decontamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The non-contact monitoring of heart and respiratory rates using laser irradiation: an experimental simultaneous monitoring with and without clothes during biochemical hazards

Matsui

Ishizuka

Ishihara

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology

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The purpose of this study is to develop a non-contact method to evaluate the heart and respiratory rates simultaneously using a single optical sensor which can be used without the removal of clothes before a decontamination procedure in biochemical hazards. We measured the heart and respiratory rates with and without clothes to assess the vital sign monitoring before decontamination. In order to monitor the heart and respiratory rates of rabbits simultaneously, the respiratory and cardiac peaks were separated using fast Fourier transform from a 5 mW helium-neon laser (wavelength 632.8 nm) reflected off the chest walls of rabbits. A cloth (50 mm x 50 mm, 2 mm thick) was placed on the chest of the rabbits to simulate the vital sign monitoring with clothes. The heart rate measured using this method agreed with the rate derived from an electrocardiogram (r = 0.82, p<0.05). The respiratory rate correlated with the manually measured respirator rate (r = 0.93, p<0.05). This method appears promising as a non-contact method for monitoring the heart and respiratory rates of patients under biochemically hazardous conditions.

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Personal Decontamination After Exposure to Simulated Liquid Phase Contaminants: Functional Assessment of a New Unit

Abstract: The capacity of the decontamination unit was found to be 16 volunteers per hour. The ventilation system and guidelines of the decontamination unit were demonstrated to be effective under the conditions examined. The self-decontamination of the staff was not optimal.

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review

Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review

Decontamination

The non-contact monitoring of heart and respiratory rates using laser irradiation: an experimental simultaneous monitoring with and without clothes during biochemical hazards

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