Personal exposures to airborne metals in London taxi drivers and office workers in 1995 and 1996

Pfeifer, G.D.; Harrison, Roy M.; Lynam, Donald R.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00201-6

Cited by 115 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Average local wind speed at CVAO lies at about 7.3 ± 2.2 m s −1 , but might increase to > 13 m s −1 during stormy periods, leading to variations of up to 30 % in the aerosol mass concentrations. Similar seasonal trends in aerosol loading with higher mass concentrations during the winter months in comparison to the summer months were observed in other previous studies in this region (Chiapello et al, 1995;Schepanski et al, 2009). This seasonality is attributed to the changing location and structure of the subtropical "Azores" high-pressure system that resides to the north of Cape Verde.…”

Section: Back Trajectory Analysissupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Mn showed higher EFs on stages 2 and 3 for the Atlantic marine air masses, indicating that other sources than mineral dust could contribute to its presence such as from iron and steel industries (Hacisalihoglu et al, 1991). The release of Mn during smelting and use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl as an octane enhancer in unleaded car fuels may partially account for enhanced levels of fine-mode aerosol Mn seen in polluted air (Wallace and Slonecker, 1997;Pfeifer et al, 1999). This could be associated to long-range transport from Europe or North America since particles in this size range (140 nm to 1200 nm, stages 2 and 3) can live longer than 8 days in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Enrichment Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Size-resolved trace metal concentrations of 15 elements in aerosol particles at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) under remote background conditions were investigated through analysis of aerosol samples collected during intensive field studies from January 2007 to November 2011 using total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The identification of the main air mass origin that influence remote marine aerosol in the northern tropical Atlantic has been investigated. In total, 317 samples were collected. The dataset was analyzed according to the main air mass inflow at the station. We found that remote conditions make up about 45% of the meteorological conditions in a year at CVAO and thus the northern tropical Atlantic. Surprisingly, air masses from North America are often responsible for higher trace metal concentrations in this region.

Elements such as Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and V were mostly found in the submicron size fractions, while elements with dominant crustal or oceanic origin such as Fe, Ti, Mn, Sr, and Rb were found in the coarse fractions (>1 μm). The highest metal concentrations, especially for Zn (3.23 ng m⁻³), Cu (0.81 ng m⁻³), Sr (2.63 ng m⁻³), and Cr (0.53 ng m⁻³), were observed in air masses originating from North America and the concentrations were within the same concentration range to those reported previously in the literature for remote marine aerosols. Fe (12.26 ng m⁻³), Ti (0.91 ng m⁻³), and Mn (0.35 ng m⁻³) showed higher concentrations when air mass came from Europe and the Canary Islands. Pb concentration was low (<0.20 ng m⁻³) and did not vary significantly with air mass direction. The low Pb concentration is indicative of the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline even in African countries. Crustal enrichment factor values decreased from fine to coarse-mode particles with low values (<4) observed for Fe, Mn, and Rb, and high values (>20) for Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Se. The observed enrichment of the elements was attributed to crustal, marine, anthropogenic, and biogenic sources, as well as long-range transport and resuspension. Zn, Cu and Pb were indicators of anthropogenic activities, while Ti and Sr were indicators of crustal and marine origin, respectively. Oceanic and biogenic emissions might have contributed to most of the Se observed. This work provides the first long-term size-resolved trace metals study for remote tropical northern Atlantic marine aerosols and the dataset could serve as good initiation of yearly flux estimates

show abstract

Section: Back Trajectory Analysissupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Enrichment Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pfeifer et al (1999) reported that there was more manganese in London commuters' blood than in taxi drivers' blood. Crump reported that time spent in Toronto subways was the best predictor of manganese in personal blood samples in his study (Crump, 2000).…”

Section: Adverse Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Emissions From Rail Traffic: A Literature Review

Abbasi

Jansson

Sellgren

et al. 2013

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Particle emissions are a drawback of rail transport. This work is a comprehensive presentation of recent research into particle emissions from rail vehicles. Both exhaust and non-exhaust particle emissions are considered when examining particle characteristics such as PM 10 , and PM 2.5 concentration levels, size, morphology, composition, as well as adverse health effects, current legislation, and available and proposed solutions for reducing such emissions. High concentration levels in enclosed rail traffic environments are reported and some toxic effects of the particles. We find that only a few limited studies have examined the adverse health effects of non-exhaust particle emissions and that no relevant legislation exists. Thus further research in this area is warranted.

show abstract

“…Similarly, Fridell et al [1] measured the emission of metals and reported the freight trains, commuter trains and regional trains emit 2.9g/train-km, 0.48g/train-km and 0.24g/train-km respectively. In 1999, Pfeifer and colleagues [12], investigating metal concentrations in the blood of London commuters, noted that the underground user was particularly enriched in Mn, approximately 10-fold, when compared to the Mn in the general environment. They concluded that the Mn source for the underground user is the metal PM emission from the train system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of metal PM emission in rail tracks for condition monitoring application

Tesfa¹,

Gu²,

Anyakwo³

et al. 2011

5th IET Conference on Railway Condition Monitoring and Non-Destructive Testing (RCM 2011)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Exposure to particulate material (PM) is a major health concern in megacities across the world which use trains as a primary public transport. PM emissions caused by railway traffic have hardly been investigated in the past, due to their obviously minor influence on the atmospheric air quality compared to automotive transport. However, the electrical train releases particles mainly originate from wear of rails track, brakes, wheels and carbon contact stripe which are the main causes of cardio-pulmonary and lung cancer. In previous reports most of the researchers have focused on case studies based PM emission investigation. However, the PM emission measured in this way doesn't show separately the metal PM emission to the environment. In this study a generic PM emission model is developed using rail wheel-track wear model to quantify and characterise the metal emissions. The modelling has based on Archard's wear model. The prediction models estimated the passenger train of one set emits 6.6mg/km-train at 60m/s speed. The effects of train speed on the PM emission has been also investigated and resulted in when the train speed increase the metal PM emission decrease. Using the model the metal PM emission has been studied for the train line between Leeds and Manchester to show potential emissions produced each day. This PM emission characteristics can be used to monitor the brakes, the wheels and the rail tracks conditions in future.

show abstract

Personal exposures to airborne metals in London taxi drivers and office workers in 1995 and 1996

Cited by 115 publications

References 11 publications

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

Particle Emissions From Rail Traffic: A Literature Review

Prediction of metal PM emission in rail tracks for condition monitoring application

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About