Personality and the EEG: Arousal and emotional arousability

Stenberg, Georg

doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90025-k

Cited by 130 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In this respect, the findings concur with several studies linking biologically based differences between extraverts and introverts primarily to the impulsivity component (Eysenck & Levey, 1972;O'Gorman & Lloyd, 1987: Revelle et al, 1980Stenberg, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task

Stenberg¹

1994

Personality and Individual Differences

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Pergamon I'r~r.s,,,r. r~rdiird. I>ifl: v01 Summary-Amplitude differences between extraverts and introverts in the P300 component of visual event-related potentials were examined in a picture classification task. A set of pictorial stimuli was used with three t y p e of instructions, requiring responses based on colour, semantic category, or a combination of both criteria. Forty university students (22 men, 18 women) served as subjects. Based on their scores on the Eysench Personahty lntentory, they were divided into 3 groups of Low. Medium or High Extraversion. The pictures evoked large late positivities, with higher aniplitude in the right hemisphere. P300 amplitude increased with increasing degrees of extraversion. The effect of extraversion on amplitude (High > Medium > Low) was larger for target stimuli in posterior derivations. The extraversion effect was mainly attributable to the impulsivity subtrait. Whereas some earlier studies have found higher P300 amplitudes for introverts in tasks inducing habituation or attention decrement. the present tasks differed by using more varied stimuli and requiring more processing. The results are discussed in relation to theories on the biological basis of extroversion.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…More specitically. recent investigations (O'Gorman & Lloyd, 1987;Stenberg, 1992) have tended to show that the subtrait impulsivity, which forms part of the broader trait of extraversion, bears a stronger relation to low arousal than extraversion does.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task

Stenberg¹

1994

Personality and Individual Differences

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“…Although the relationship among ERP measures and personality is murky, a correlation between individual differences for personality-related arousal levels and P300 is generally observed: Low arousal individuals have smaller P300 amplitudes compared to high-arousal individuals who have larger P300 components (cf. Brocke, 2004;Brocke et al, 1997;De Pascalis, 2004;Stenberg, 1992). This relationship is modulated by biological factors (Polich and Kok, 1995), differences among paradigms (DiTraglia and Polich, 1991;Stenberg, 1994), and psychopathology (Iacono et al, 2002(Iacono et al, , 2003Justus et al, 2001).…”

Section: Applied P300 Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b

Polich

2007

Clinical Neurophysiology

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The empirical and theoretical development of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) is reviewed by considering factors that contribute to its amplitude, latency, and general characteristics. The neuropsychological origins of the P3a and P3b subcomponents are detailed, and how target/ standard discrimination difficulty modulates scalp topography is discussed. The neural loci of P3a and P3b generation are outlined, and a cognitive model is proffered: P3a originates from stimulusdriven frontal attention mechanisms during task processing, whereas P3b originates from temporalparietal activity associated with attention and appears related to subsequent memory processing. Neurotransmitter actions associating P3a to frontal/dopaminergic and P3b to parietal/norepinephrine pathways are highlighted. Neuroinhibition is suggested as an overarching theoretical mechanism for P300, which is elicited when stimulus detection engages memory operations.

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“…First, there is mounting evidence that it is impulsivity, rather than sociability or extraversion, that is arousal related (e.g., Anderson, in press;Bowyer, Humphreys, & Revelle, 1983;Campbell, 1992; H. J. Eysenck & Levey, 1972;Frcka & Martin, 1987;Loo, 1980;O'Gorman & Lloyd, 1987;Revelle, Humphreys, Simon, & Gilliland, 1980;Schalling et al, 1983;Stenberg, 1992).…”

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Impulsivity and time of day: Is rate of change in arousal a function of impulsivity?

Anderson

Revelle²

1994

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Impulsivity has been interpreted as a stable mediator of rate of change in arousal states. To test this hypothesis, 129 Ss differing in impulsivity were given placebo or caffeine at 9:00 a.m. or 7:30 p.m. Recognition memory was tested for the last 20 items from 2 lists of 24 items and 2 lists of 80 items. Scores from this paradigm reflect sustained attention and are thus sensitive to changes in arousal. A 4-way interaction among impulsivity, time of day, drug, and prior stimuli (p < .05) indicated that for those given placebo, recognition memory for long and late lists was poorer the higher the impulsivity in the morning; this pattern reversed in the evening. Caffeine reduced recognition errors. These results indicate that impulsivity is not a stable predictor of rate of change in arousal states. Instead, susceptibility to attentional lapses is mediated by impulsivity-related phase differences in diurnal arousal rhythms.Impulsivity is one of the dimensions of individual differences frequently identified by theorists concerned with the biological bases of personality. Although the appropriate theoretical interpretation of impulsivity is a matter of ongoing debate, many models either explicitly or implicitly posit a relationship to arousal (e.g., Barratt & Patton, 1983;H. J. Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985;Gale, 1987;Revelle, Anderson, & Humphreys, 1987;Schalling, Edman, & Asberg, 1983;Strelau, 1987;Zuckerman, 1983). Arguments that impulsivity is linked to arousal can be traced largely to Hans Eysenck (1967), who proposed that (a) there are genetically influenced differences in basal arousal levels, (b) all individuals experience maximally positive hedonic tone at intermediate arousal levels, and (c) individuals who are chronically underaroused develop patterns of behavior designed to increase their arousal. Because social, spontaneous, and risky behaviors (for example) typically afford greater arousal potential than solitary, planned, or safe endeavors, Eysenck proposed that phenotypically extraverted behavior patterns tend to develop among those whose basal arousal levels are low. This theory provided an explanatory link between evidence of the heritability of extraversion and data suggesting differences between introverts and extraverts in a variety of laboratory phenomena. We wish to thank Robert Calderon, Debra Janiszewski, Kimberly Moy, Kathryn Rosenthal, Tina Rovick, Vicky Singh, Sara Wilcox, and Peggy Wu for their assistance in collecting and scoring data.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kristen Joan Anderson, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208.In brief, Eysenck proposed that the basal arousal level of introverts is higher than that of extraverts and, as a corollary, that the two primary subtraits of extraversion, sociability and impulsivity, are also negatively related to arousal.The term arousal is used here to refer to a state involving nonspecific physiological activation and the nondirectional component of alertness. Reflected in experience...

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Personality and the EEG: Arousal and emotional arousability

Cited by 130 publications

References 46 publications

Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task

Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task

Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b

Impulsivity and time of day: Is rate of change in arousal a function of impulsivity?

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