Personality disorders evident by early adulthood and risk for anxiety disorders during middle adulthood

The influence of personality disorder on the future mental health and social adjustment of young adults: a population-based, longitudinal cohort study

“…Although the odds ratios for associations with 'personality difficulty' were greater than they were for 'simple PD', the confidence intervals substantially overlapped and so those with personality difficulty may not have had definitively worse mental health outcomes compared to those with simple personality disorder. Notwithstanding, there is scant research on the association between sub-threshold symptoms of PD and later depression and anxiety 21,22 .…”

“…However, the generalisability of findings from these studies of clinical groups to the general population is unclear. One previous population-based study (the Children in the Community (CIC) Study) 25 has generated knowledge about the links between adolescent personality pathology and adult mental health outcomes 22,[29][30][31] . However, the CIC study did not use a structured interview to assess PD in emerging adulthood.…”

Personality Disorders and Traits as Predictors of Incident Cardiovascular Disease: Findings From the 23-Year Follow-Up of The Baltimore ECA Study

“…Recent longitudinal studies have shown that Cluster B PDs are associated with a higher risk of developing depressive and anxiety disorders. [21][22][23] Numerous studies have established that depressive symptoms or episodes increase risk of incident cardiovascular disease in community-dwellers. 24 Anxiety disorders also appear to increase risk for coronary heart disease risk, independently of major depressive disorder.…”

Polymorphisms in the serotonin receptor gene HTR2A are associated with quantitative traits in panic disorder

“…A study analyzing Caucasians from Canada and Germany, in contrast, found no evidence for this association [Rothe et al, 2004]. In order to elucidate reasons for these inconsistent results we conducted a further case-control study with 154 German PD patients, but extended this approach by additionally considering information about disease severity and about personality traits discussed as predisposing for the development of PD [Ampollini et al, 1999;Johnson et al, 2006;Ongur et al, 2005].…”