Personality disorders in dysthymia and major depression

Garyfallos, George; Adamopoulou, Aravela; Karastergiou, Anastasia; Voikli, Maki; Sotiropoulou, Anastasia M.; Donias, Stamatis; Giouzepas, John; Paraschos, Andreas J.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07238.x

Cited by 54 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Research by Cohen and colleagues suggests that depression in adolescence predicts adult PDs [30], and conversely, that PDs in adolescence predict adult Axis I disorders [31]. Among dysthymic adults, Garyfallos et al [32] found early-onset DD to be associated with particularly high PD comorbidity. Whereas single episodes of major depression may not produce lasting personality change [33], recurrent or chronic depression evidently correlates with PDs [6, 34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of comorbid dysthymic disorder on outcome in personality disorders

Hellerstein¹,

Skodol²,

Petkova³

et al. 2010

Comprehensive Psychiatry

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Objective The goal of our study was to investigate the impact of dysthymic disorder (DD), a form of chronic depression, on naturalistic outcome in individuals with personality disorders (PD). Method The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study is a cohort initially including 573 subjects with four targeted PDs (borderline, avoidant, schizotypal and obsessive-compulsive) and 95 subjects with major depression but no PD. At baseline, 115 subjects were diagnosed with coexisting dysthymic disorder (DD), of whom 109 (94.8%) were PD subjects. Regression analyses were performed to predict three classes of broad clinical outcome after two years of prospective follow-up. We hypothesized that DD diagnosis at baseline would be associated with worse outcome on 1) persistence of a PD diagnosis, 2) impairment in psychosocial functioning (as measured by the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation [LIFE]), and 3) crisis-related treatment utilization. Results Baseline DD diagnosis was associated with persistence of PD diagnosis at 2 years, particularly for borderline and avoidant PDs. It was associated with worse outcome on global social adjustment, life satisfaction, recreation, and friendships, but not employment or relationship with spouse. Contrary to expectation, DD did not increase suicide attempts, emergency room visits, or psychiatric hospitalizations. Conclusions Comorbidity of DD is associated with persistence of PD diagnosis, and with worse outcome on many, but not all, measures of psychosocial functioning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of comorbid dysthymic disorder on outcome in personality disorders

Hellerstein¹,

Skodol²,

Petkova³

et al. 2010

Comprehensive Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One of the few studies in this upcoming research domain found that patients with chronic depression report more socially avoidant behavior than those with episodic depression (Ley et al, 2011). In addition, several studies demonstrated a higher prevalence of comorbid avoidant personality disorder in chronic than in nonchronic depression (Garyfallos et al, 1999;Sanderson et al, 1992). Furthermore, in a study on the effectiveness of the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) for chronic depression, an avoidant coping style was found to be associated with a less favorable treatment outcome (Blalock et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Differentiating early-onset chronic depression from episodic depression in terms of cognitive-behavioral and emotional avoidance

Brockmeyer

Kulessa

Hautzinger

et al. 2015

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…MDD, anxiety disorders, substance-use disorders, phobias and eating disorders are particularly common dysthymia comorbidities (12, 16Á18). Studies have reported that patients with dysthymia significantly more often exhibit personality psychopathology than do patients with MDD, and this is especially the case among the ones with early onset of their illness (13,15,19). In a population of outpatients with primary dysthymia, Garyfallos and coworkers (13) showed and self-defeating personality disorders (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Studies have reported that patients with dysthymia significantly more often exhibit personality psychopathology than do patients with MDD, and this is especially the case among the ones with early onset of their illness (13,15,19). In a population of outpatients with primary dysthymia, Garyfallos and coworkers (13) showed and self-defeating personality disorders (13). According to another study, narcissistic and passiveÁaggressive personality disorders were also common among dysthymia patients (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Disentangling dysthymia from major depressive disorder in suicide attempters’ suicidality, comorbidity and symptomatology

Holmstrand

Engström

Träskman‐Bendz

2008

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry

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Dysthymia and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both risk diagnoses for suicidal behaviour. The aim of the present study was to identify clinical differences between these disorders, with a special reference to dysthymia. We studied suicidal behaviour, comorbidity and psychiatric symptoms of inpatient suicide attempters with dysthymia and MDD. We used DSM III-R diagnostics, the Suicide Assessment Scale (SUAS) and the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), part of which is the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Suicide mortality, number of repeated suicide attempts, method of suicide attempt and comorbidity of Axis I did not differ between the groups. Dysthymia patients, however, suffered more than MDD patients from DSM-III-R Axis II diagnoses (above all cluster B). There was no significant difference in Axis III comorbidity. Total SUAS, CPRS and MADRS scores did not differ significantly between the groups. When studying separate SUAS and CPRS items in a multivariate analysis, the CPRS items "aches and pains", "increased speech flow", increased "agitation" and "less tendency to worrying over trifles" as well as young age remained independently associated with dysthymia. Dysthymia patients, who later committed suicide, more often reported increased "aches and pains" than those who did not commit suicide. In this small sample of suicide attempters, we conclude that dysthymia suicide attempters, more often than MDD patients, have a comorbidity with personality disorders, which combined with a picture of aches and pains, could be factors explaining their suicidality.

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Personality disorders in dysthymia and major depression

Abstract: The data indicated that (i) dysthymia--mainly that of early onset--is associated with significantly higher personality disorder comorbidity than episodic major depression, and (ii) the presence of a personality disorder is related to more severe overall psychopathology.

Cited by 54 publications

References 32 publications

The impact of comorbid dysthymic disorder on outcome in personality disorders

The impact of comorbid dysthymic disorder on outcome in personality disorders

Differentiating early-onset chronic depression from episodic depression in terms of cognitive-behavioral and emotional avoidance

Disentangling dysthymia from major depressive disorder in suicide attempters’ suicidality, comorbidity and symptomatology

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