“…While some authors disagree with the efficacy of LSs (An & Carr, 2017;Kirschner, 2017), several studies claim that their use has a potential positive impact on learning outcomes (Adkins & Guerreiro, 2018;Alshammari, Anane, & Hendley, 2015;El-Bishouty, Chang, Graf, Kinshuk, & Chen, 2014;Faria, Almeida, Martins, Gonçalves, & Figueiredo, 2015;Mahnane & Hafidi, 2015). Our overall impression is that the criticism usually happens due to the fact that many LS models use binary classifications and, thus, students are classified in only one end of the available dimensions, without considering uncertainties inherent in the process.…”