Personalized Dietary Recommendations Based on Lipid-Related Genetic Variants: A Systematic Review

Abstract

BackgroundObesity and dyslipidemias are risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves environmental factors, such as nutrition, but other aspects like genetic polymorphisms confer susceptibility to developing obesity and dyslipidemias. In this sense, nutrigenetics is being used to study the influence of genetic variations on the circulating lipid responses promoted by certain nutrients or foods to provide specific dietary strategies considering the genetic factors in personalized nutrition interventions.ObjectiveTo identify throughout a systematic review the potential nutrigenetic recommendations that demonstrate a strong interaction between gene-diet and circulating lipid variations.MethodsThis systematic review used the PRISMA-Protocol for manuscript research and preparation using PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Human studies published in English from January 2010 to December 2020 were included. The main results were outcomes related to gene-diet interactions and plasmatic lipids variation.ResultsAbout 1,110 articles were identified, but only 38 were considered to fulfill the inclusion criteria established based on the reported data. The acquired information was organized based on gene-diet interaction with nutrients and components of the diet and dietary recommendation generated by each interaction: gene-diet interaction with dietary fats, carbohydrates or dietary fiber, gene-diet interaction with nutraceutical or dietary supplementation, and gene-diet interaction with proteins.ConclusionFindings included in this systematic review indicated that a certain percentage of dietary macronutrients, the consumption of specific amounts of polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as the ingestion of nutraceuticals or dietary supplements could be considered as potential strategies for the development of a wide range of nutrigenetic interventions since they have a direct impact on the blood levels of lipids. In this way, specific recommendations were identified as potential tools in developing precision diets and highlighted the importance of personalized nutrition. These recommendations may serve as a possible strategy to implement as dietary tools for the preventive treatment and control alterations in lipid metabolism.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021248816, identifier [CRD42021248816].

A Gene Variation at the ZPR1 Locus (rs964184) Interacts With the Type of Diet to Modulate Postprandial Triglycerides in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: From the Coronary Diet Intervention With Olive Oil and Cardiovascular Prevention Study

“…The study of the effect of genetic differences between individuals on their response to a specific nutrient or dietary pattern for a specific health outcome (Nutrigenetics), and the study of the effect of foods on gene expression (Nutrigenomics) have enabled the development of the field of personalized nutrition and precision healthcare in the last years (1). Personalized nutritional counseling based on a person's genetic background may improve the outcomes of a specific dietary intervention and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for better control of cardiovascular disease or its related risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity, or blood lipid levels (2)(3)(4).…”

“…This may be due to the proinflammatory, procoagulant, and prooxidant environment that characterizes the physiological response to dietary intakes, particularly a high-fat meal (11,12). Specifically, the main mechanisms proposed for atherosclerosis induced by postprandial lipemia include: (1) endothelial dysfunction induced by increased plasma TG with decreased serum nitrite/nitrate levels and flow-mediated dilation, (2) an increase in reactive oxygen species mediated through mitochondrial dissociation and beta-oxidation, (3) increased expression of adhesion factors at the subendothelial level, (4) activation of complement component factor 3, and (5) upregulation of proinflammatory and pro-apoptotic genes in endothelial cells following fat intake (12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Interaction between SIDT2 and ABCA1 Variants with Nutrients on HDL-c Levels in Mexican Adults

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study suggesting an interaction between SIDT2 and nutrients with HDL-c concentrations. However, current studies have also observed significant interactions between the genetic variants involved in HDL-c metabolism and nutritional factors on HDL-c levels [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. Supporting our results, earlier studies have shown that a high-fat intake can increase the HDL-c concentrations through more substrate provided in the chylomicron-derived triglycerides and increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity.…”

Lipid‐Related Genetic Variants for Personalized Dietary Interventions: A Systematic Review

“…[8,75,76] In terms of precision nutrition interventions, we highly recommend further studying the proposed panel's interactions with responses to different dietary patterns, bioactive foods, meal timing, and specific food cultures. [77,78] Integrating genetic panels such as the one proposed in this review, rather than a single genetic variant, will help to improve precision nutrition interventions that are effectively used in the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemias.…”