“…The future manufacturing paradigm for delivery of MaaS, i.e., crowdsourced manufacturing, has been discussed [21,30]. In crowdsourced manufacturing, enterprises can share manufacturing resources according to their needs and capabilities [31], and the supply of raw materials, assembly, manufacturing, transportation, etc., of products can be realized by manufacturing service providers through a cyber platform in a crowdsourcing model [32,33]. Existing studies on product design in crowdsourced manufacturing include product family design considering postponement contracting decisions [32] and service product family design [33].…”