Perspective: Lessons Learned, Challenges, and Opportunities in Quantifying Cohesive Soil Erodibility with the Jet Erosion Test (JET)

Fox, Garey A.; Guertault, Lucie; Castro‐Bolinaga, Celso F.; Allen, Peter M.; Bigham, Kari A.; Bonelli, Stéphane; Hunt, Sherry L.; Kassa, Kayla; Langendoen, Eddy J.; PORTER, E W; Shafii, Iman; Wahl, Tony L.; Thompson, Tess Wynn

doi:10.13031/ja.14714

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Importantly, values of C d should reflect energy losses associated with the setup used to establish and measure the pressure head when running JETs (e.g., head tank vs. pressure gage), so that τ o can be calculated consistently. Limited guidance currently exists for setting these types of operational parameters (Fox et al, 2022). Lastly, an average C d was determined for each experiment based on the three trials.…”

Section: Laboratory Experiments With Variable Water Temperature and S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

“…A commonly used approach to quantifying soil erodibility is the Jet Erosion Test (JET) (Hanson 1990(Hanson , 1991Fox et al, 2022). The JET allows for in-situ determination of erodibility parameters, namely, the soil's critical shear stress (τ c ) and erodibility coefficient (k d ) (Fox et al, 2022). These parameters depend on the measured relationship between applied shear stresses (τ o ) and erosion rates (ε r ) during testing, as given by the excess shear stress equation (Partheniades, 1965):…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Water Temperature and Salinity on the Jet Erosion Test (JET) Discharge Coefficient

Quiah,

Bolinaga,

Hall

et al. 2024

Journal of Natural Resources and Agricultural Ecosystems

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Highlights The JET discharge coefficient Cd was negatively correlated to water temperature and positively correlated to salinity. The impact of water temperature was more significant than that of salinity, especially at lower temperatures. Increasing water temperatures reduced Cd by as much as 20% per 10°C increment. Low levels of salinity initially increased Cd , but its magnitude remained relatively constant for levels greater than 5 ppt. Abstract. The discharge coefficient (Cd) of the Jet Erosion Test (JET) directly affects the calculation of applied shear stresses (to) during testing and, therefore, of JET-derived erodibility parameters, namely, the soil’s critical shear stress (tc) and erodibility coefficient (kd). Typically, Cd is assumed to be constant for a given combination of JET device (e.g., original vs. mini) and setup (e.g., head tank vs. pressure gage), disregarding the effects of varying environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of changing water temperature and salinity on the Cd of a mini-JET device fed by a pressure head tank. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the variability in Cd for ranges of water temperature between 10 and 30°C and salinity between 0 and 35 ppt. Results showed that Cd was sensitive to changes in both variables, with water temperature generating a more significant impact. Cd was negatively correlated to water temperature, decreasing by as much as 20% when temperature increased from 10 to 20°C, and positively correlated to salinity, increasing at low levels but remaining relatively constant for levels greater than 5 ppt. When extrapolated to erosion curves and JET-derived erodibility parameters, the variability in Cd significantly impacted the calculation of to and the magnitude of tc and kd, highlighting the degree of uncertainty that could be associated with these variables because of an uncalibrated Cd. Lastly, results from the laboratory experiments were used to develop a normalized predictive model and associated curves for application to other mini-JET devices with similar setups. Keywords: Discharge Coefficient, Erodibility, Jet Erosion Test, Salinity, Temperature.

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Section: Laboratory Experiments With Variable Water Temperature and S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Water Temperature and Salinity on the Jet Erosion Test (JET) Discharge Coefficient

Quiah,

Bolinaga,

Hall

et al. 2024

Journal of Natural Resources and Agricultural Ecosystems

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“…1), was evaluated against the original JET by Al-Madhhachi et al (2013a). Recent research has also reconsidered the way that JET data are analyzed for deriving erodibility parameters, incorporating these solution techniques into new automated spreadsheet tools (Fox et al, 2022).…”

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“…Next, the test should ideally be performed until a quasi-equilibrium scour depth is obtained, but this is not always practical; therefore, a total test duration of approximately 1 to 2 hr is typically used for in situ tests (Al-Madhhachi, 2013a;Daly et al, 2015;Daly et al, 2016;McNichol et al, 2017;Khanal et al, 2020;Swanson and Castro-Bolinaga, 2022), although shorter times are also common under more controlled conditions. Collected data can be analyzed to estimate erodibility parameters for cohesive soils in either linear or nonlinear detachment models for predicting erosion rates across a range of applied shear stress (Fox, 2019;Khanal et al, 2020;Wahl, 2021;Fox et al, 2022).…”

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confidence: 99%

Guidance on Applied Pressure Heads for Quantifying Cohesive Soil Erodibility with a Jet Erosion Test (JET)

Fox¹,

Guertault²,

Castro‐Bolinaga³

et al. 2022

Journal of the ASABE

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Highlights Jet erosion test (JET) is a commonly used instrument for quantifying soil erodibility. Uncertainty remains on an appropriate applied pressure head to ensure high-quality JET data. Numerical analysis was used to derive minimum and maximum heads for four soil classifications. Ideal applied pressure heads depend on soil erodibility parameters and user-selected JET characteristics. Abstract. The Jet Erosion Test (JET) is one of the few instruments available for measuring cohesive soil erodibility in situ, but uncertainty remains regarding an appropriate initial applied pressure head for the test. Users typically iterate on an initial applied pressure head setting when testing soil. This iteration is necessary to ensure a reasonable erosion rate and the total amount of scour while imposing applied shear stresses that match the expected application range when using JET-derived erodibility parameters. This research used a numerical analysis of simulated JETs to determine both minimum and maximum applied pressure heads, ensuring a logistically appropriate estimation of soil erodibility parameters. First, the minimum head was set to generate at least 25 mm of scour, established based on data from previous in situ JETs. Second, the maximum applied pressure head was set to ensure that no excessively large initial applied shear stress impacted the estimation of erodibility parameters from a linear regression on erosion rates. Analyses were conducted for four selected soil erodibility classes: highly erodible, more erodible, erodible, and moderately resistant soils. Curves showing the ideal applied pressure ranges were generated for initial time intervals of scour depth measurements of 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 360 s and dimensionless initial nozzle heights of 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50. The appropriate range in the applied pressure head depended not only on the soil erodibility classes but also on the initial time interval for scour depth measurements, total test duration, and dimensionless initial nozzle height above the soil surface. Users should ensure that a minimum applied pressure head is exceeded for resistant soils. Maximum applied pressure heads should be considered for erodible, more erodible, and highly erodible soils, dependent on the initial time interval for scour depth measurements and dimensionless initial nozzle heights. Wider ranges of acceptable applied pressure heads were observed with smaller initial time intervals. The procedure presented in this research can be readily adapted by JET users to reflect specific testing conditions (e.g., different data collection intervals and test durations) for ensuring the a priori use of effective pressure head settings. Keywords: Cohesive soils, Erodibility, Jet erosion test, Pressure head, Soil erodibility.

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The erosion resistance of clay soil treated with recycled concrete aggregates

Keshavarz,

Shourijeh,

Hekmatzadeh

2024

Construction and Building Materials

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Perspective: Lessons Learned, Challenges, and Opportunities in Quantifying Cohesive Soil Erodibility with the Jet Erosion Test (JET)

Cited by 5 publications

References 50 publications

Effect of Water Temperature and Salinity on the Jet Erosion Test (JET) Discharge Coefficient

Effect of Water Temperature and Salinity on the Jet Erosion Test (JET) Discharge Coefficient

Guidance on Applied Pressure Heads for Quantifying Cohesive Soil Erodibility with a Jet Erosion Test (JET)

The erosion resistance of clay soil treated with recycled concrete aggregates

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